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一.名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构可数名词不可数名词名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词s1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, s结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, kni fe-k ni ves, loaf-loaves, wife-wive加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-citiestoes5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Hen ry-He nrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-toma不少外来词加-spia no-pia nos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solo;两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m on ths, path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:1改变名词中的兀音字母或其他形式man-men, woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses, compasses, co4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audie nceclassfamily, crowd, coupleg roup, committeeg overnment populatio n, crew, team, public, en emy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs海 关）,forces军队），times 时代），spirits情 绪），drinks饮料）, san ds沙 滩），papers文 件报纸），manner礼貌），looks外卜表），brai ns头 脑智力）,gree n青菜）,rui ns废墟）7表示“某国人”加-SAmerica ns, Australia ns, Germa ns, Greeks, Swedes, Europea ns单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chin ese, Japa nese以-man 或-woman 结尾 的改为-me n,-wome nEn glishme n, Fren chwome n8合成名词将主体名词变为复数son s-i n-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grow n-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数wome n sin gers, men serva nts规则例词III.名词的所有格:nte nts名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jack -si-bawk,herpsurto,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe children s toys, women s rights,以S结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dicke ns no vels, Charles s job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加sJapan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s fither表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略thedoctor s, the barber s, the tailor s, my uncles bike2.所有格的用法:1表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere, the tree s bran ches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s pla n, the world s populati on, China s4表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s vieW),ryhe team s5表示度量衡及价值a mile s jour ney, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life s time, the play s plot7某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one ) s wit sin dustryend（不知3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA pla ne is a mach ine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is wait ing for you.3表示每一相当于every oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示 相同 相当于the sameWe are n early of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe n you were out类似性质的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, 之后hThis room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.a timeII.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful ani mal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the uni verse, the moon, the Pacific Ocea n3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind ope ning the door?4用于乐器前面play the violi n, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the livi ng, the woun ded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Gree ns, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two childre n.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the Un ited States, the Communist Party of China, the Fre9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was inven ted in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beiji ng Uni versity, Jack, Chin a, love, air2名词 前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, 等限制1JI want this book, not that one. Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sun day, Nati onal Day, spri ng4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Li ncoln was made Preside nt of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes play ing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husba nd and wife, knife and fork, day and ni ght8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful an imals.三代词：I代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they代词宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their代词名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不疋代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ ano ther, all/ both, n either/ eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：1. one, som 与 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should lear n to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questio ns to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some banan asCould you give me some mon ey?3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magaz in Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示大约” ,any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 stude nts in this schoDo you feel any better today?2. eacl和 every:each虽调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each stude nt has a pocket dict ion ary. / Each (of us) has a dict ion ary. / We each have a dict ion ary.Every stude nt has strong and weak poin ts. / Every one of us has strong and weak poin ts.3. none和 no：no等于not any作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆 可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the stude nts are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和 another:1) otherS指另外的，另U的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the othei特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others女口：He held a book in one hand and his no tes in the other.Two stude nts in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) anothe指又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others泛指别的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me ano ther pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. al和 both, neithe和 eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neithe和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1.形容词的位置:1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1修饰some, any, every,和 body, thing, on等构成的复合不定代词时n obody abse nt, everyth ing possible2以-able, -ib结尾的形容词可置于有最咼级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only soluti on pos3alive, alike, awake, aware, a等ee以 后置the only pers on awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词 代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词all both suchthe a this ano ther yoursecond n extone fourbeautifulgood poorlarge short squarenewcoolblack yellowChin eseLondonsilk stone3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkin d-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-lov ing3形容词+现在分词ordin ary-look ing8名词+过去分词sno w-covered4副词+现在分词hard-work ing9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词n ewly-built10数词+名词twen ty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon, now, early, fin ally, once, rece n频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, n earby, outside, upwards, abo疑问副词how, where, whe n, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, reay连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however mea nwhile4程度副词almost, n early, very, fairly, quite, rathe8关系副词whe n, where, whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est多音节和一些双音节词前加more和mos。1. 同级比较时常常用 as as 以及Ot so(as) aS ar如fhot so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any,a great deal3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用 “ the more the more如句型h harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect五介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about, across, after, aga in st, among, around, at, below, bey ond, duri ng, in, on2合成介词in side, in to, on to, out of, outside, throughout, upon, withi n, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from beh ind, from un der, till after, i n betwee n5分词转化成的介词con sideri ng（而论）,i ncludi ng6形容词转化成的介词like, un like, n ear, n ext, oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的si nee, fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和元成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间 中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示在上 的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物 部分6表示 穿过 的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，acros表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示关于 的about, onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与 among的区另Ubetween表示在两者之间，among用于二者或二者以上的中间9besides与 except的区另 Ubeside指除了还有再加上” excep指 除了，减去什么”不放在句首10表示用的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度里，单位，语言，声音11as与 like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态）,into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六.动词I. 动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are ask ingwas/were ask ingshall/will be ask ingshould/would be ask ing完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has bee n ask,g had bee n ask ingshall/will have bee n askirgshould/would have bee n ask ing2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能 同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，禾U用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel writte n by the world-famous 已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”, “了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last mon只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）I lived in Beiji ng for ten year只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表 示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完 成进行时。I have read that book 读过那本书了。I have bee n readi ng that book all the mor我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten n ext year.2be going to动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It s going to clear up.We regoing to have a party tonight.3be + doi ng进行时表go, come, start, move, leave, a 等词可用进行时He is moving to the south.常用被动语态构成常用被动语态1构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has bee n asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had bee n asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have bee n asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 begoi ng to, used to, have to, had b变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。女口：Trees should not be pla nted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is gen erally con sidered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatmust be poin ted out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that示将来表示按计划即将发生的动作Are they leavi ng for Europe?4be about to + 动词原表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后I was about to leave whe n the bell rai形面一般不跟时间状语The meeti ng is about to close.5be to +动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We re to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oThe pla ne leaves at ten this evening.II.动词的被动语态:clock.F面主动形式常表示被动意义：如:The win dow wants/n eeds/requires repairi ng.The book is worth readi ng twice.The door won t shut. / The play won T hetclothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, en ter, reach, become, ben efit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happe n, occur, belong to, take placbreak out, come about, agree with, keep up with, con sist of, have on 等等e heart七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否疋句或疑冋句中）couldmay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）mightmust必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）have to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldshall将要，会否定式疑问式与简答can not / cannot /ca nCan-do ？doYes,can.couldn t doNo, -can t.May-do ? Yes,may.may not doNo, -mustn t/cant.Mightdo ? Yes,migmight not doNo, -might not.Mustdo ? Yes,- must.must not/mustn tdoNo, -need n t/dont haDohave to do ？don t have to doYes,doNo,don t.ought not to/ought nOgtitoto do ？doYes,ought. No,- oughshall not/shan t(Shall. do ？用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等Yes,shallN o,shan t.should应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should no t/should nShbdtd do ？will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在冋句中would比较委婉will not/won t doWill do ？Yds,willNo,won t.wouldwould no t/would ndare敢（常用于否定句和疑冋句中）dare not/daren tDare do ？doYes,dare. No, darenn eed需必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/need n tNeed do ？doYes,must. No,neednused to过去常常（现在已不再）usednot/usedn t/usentododidn t use to doUsed to do ？Yes,usedN o,use(d)n Did use to do ？Yes,didNo,didn t.t.t.t.II.情态动词 must, may, might, could,表示推测:以must为例must + do（be是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might “也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have fini shed their task.3. can和could可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can 语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was sone测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生)Can he be in the office now? No, he can t be there, for I saw him in the 1常用于疑问no和否定句中)III .情态动词注意点：1. can和be able to都可以表示能力。但be able tc可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有 更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及 现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：. do ？两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn t/daren t do ； Need/dare做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：n eed( needs/needed)/dare(dares/darted)do,don t(doesn t/didneed7da)re to do八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have bee n done在非谓for sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语现在doi ngbeing done语前加分分词havi ng donehav ing bee n donenot具有副词和形容词的作用词过去分词done在句中做定、表、宾补和状语动名词doi nghavi ng donebeing donehav ing bee n donesb s doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况只接不定式做宾语的常用动词hope, want, offer, l ong, fail, expect,wish, ask, decide,prete nd,ma nage agree afford, determ ine动词promise, happe nevent, keep,mind, miss, enjoy, imagi ne, practise, suggest, fini sh, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, pr dislike, avoid, risk, resist, con sider只接动名词做宾语的can t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, tpetbeowngaged in, insist on, think of, be动词或短语proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote on eself to, be worth, be busy, pay atte nti on to, stick tobegin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, con接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习意义基本相同惯行为）need, want, require接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） stop to do停止手中事，去做另一件事意义相反stop doing停止正在做的事go on to do （接着做另外一件事）go on doi ng（接着做同一件事）remember/forget/regret to d 指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing 指动作已经发生）意义不同try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力）mea n to do（打算做，企图做）try doi ng （试试去做，看有何结果）mean doing （意识是，意味着）can t help to do（不能帮忙做） t help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, en courage have, no tice, see, watch, hear, f let, make主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已 经完成圮1,I heard him call me several tim现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, ke have, feele主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her liste ning to the radio过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表 示与谓语动作冋时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe develop ing coun try/the developed couthe falling leaves / the fallen leaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之 前，现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不My dream is to become a teacher.不定定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，To obey the law is importa nt.式并且还能用what来提冋主语或表语。(dream,bus in esswish, idea,pla n, duty,task做主语时常用）动名与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较It is no use say ing that aga in and aga词抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表 语时可以和主语互换位置。Teach ing is my job.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语， 多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rath等副词修 饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主 动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到”之意，主语多是人。The situati on is en couragi ng.The book is well written.(常见分词有 astonishing, moving, tirir disappo in ti ng, puzzli ng, shock ing, boi amus ing及其-ed形式)九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关 系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数 的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your motlher?whom, which 禾口that在从句中做宾语时，常可以 te省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatble.whom人宾语Mr. Smith is the pers on with whom I am work ingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmathat人，物主语，宾语A pla ne is a mach ine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语
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