汽车专业英语常用词汇

New Words combustion n燃烧 chamber n室 rod n杆，连杆，活塞杆 crankshaft n机轴，曲轴 rotate vi. vt使旋转 rotary a(指运动的)旋转的 circulate vtvi.循环 coolant n冷却剂(液态) antifreeze a防冻的 excessively ad过度的，极端的 voltage n电压，伏(特)数 ignition n点燃 ignite v点燃 briefly ad简洁地，简短地Phrases and Expressions power train 动力传动系统 supplywith 给提供 keepfrom 阻止01 Engine Classification and Overall Mechanics The automobile engines can be classified according to： 1 number of cylinders； 2 arrangement of cylinders； 3 arrangement of valves； 4 type of cooling； 5 number of cycles(two or four)；6Type of fuel burned；7type of ignition 0.1 发动机的分类和总体结构 汽车发动机可根据以下几种情况来分类： 1按气缸的数量；2按气缸排列的方式； 3按进气方式；4按冷却类型； 5按工作循环的行程数 (二行程或四行程)； 6按所用燃料的类型；7按点火方式分类。The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move The automobile engine is an internal-combustion engine because the fuel(gasoline)is burned inside it. The burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber This high pressure forces piston to move，the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft The crankshaft is thus made to rotate； the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the car moves发动机是使车轮转动、从而驱动汽车行驶的动力来源。汽车发动机是属于内燃机中的一种，因为燃油(汽油)是在发动机内燃烧的。发动机里的汽油燃烧后在其燃烧室中产生高压，该高压推动活塞运动，并通过连杆传到发动机曲轴。曲轴从而转动，这样的旋转运动通过动力传动系统带动汽车车轮，从而使车轮运转及汽车行驶起来。The engine requires a fuel system to supply it with a mixture of air and fuelThe fuel system does this by pumping liquid gasoline from a tank into the carburetor， a mixing device that mixes the gasoline with airThe mixture is delivered to the engine where it is burned 发动机要求燃料供给系统为之供应空气和燃油混合燃料。燃料系 统工作时把液体汽油从油箱中抽出来，通过化油器，一种把汽油与空气进行混合的装置，将可燃混合气输送到发动机，并在那里进行燃烧。The engine also needs a cooling system，the combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the engine creates a very high temperature(as high as 2000 to 2700)The cooling system takes heat away from the engine by circulating a 1iquid coolant(water mixed with antifreeze)between the engine and a radiator The coolant gets hot as it goes through the engineIt cools off as it goes through the radiator Thus，the coolant continually takes heat away from the engine，where it could do damage，and delivers it to the radiatorAir passing through the radiator takes heat away from the radiator发动机还需要有冷却系统，发动机里的混合气燃烧会产生高温(高达2 0002 700)。冷却系统通过在发动机和散热器之间流动的液体冷却液(混有防冻液的水)使发动机降温。当冷却液流经发动机时，冷却液就会变热。而流到散热器时又会被冷却，这样，冷却液不断地从发动机中带走会造成损害（发动机）的热量，并输送到散热器。 经过散热器的空气，将热量从散热器中带走。The engine also includes a lubricating systemThe purpose of the lubricating system is to supply all moving parts inside the engine with lubricating oil； the oil keeps moving parts from wearing excessively The engine requires a fourth system，the ignition systemThe ignition system provides high-voltage electric sparks that ignite，or set fire to，the charges of air- fuel mixture in the engine combustion chambers。发动机还包括润滑系统，润滑系统的作用是向发动机内的所有运动零件提供润滑油。润滑油能阻止运动零件过度磨损。 发动机的第四个系统是点火系统。点火系统产生高压电火花，从而使发动机燃烧室中的可燃混合气起燃。 The fifth is starting system and its purpose is to change the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft around By means of this， the engine can be started These five systems are discussed briefly in following sections 发动机的第五个系统是起动系统，其作用是把 电能转变为机械能推动曲轴转动。发动机借助这种办法启动。 这五个系统将在下面的章节中简要地进行讨论。lengthen vt.vi加长 pan n油盘 quart n夸脱 enclose vt封人 encase v.包装，加外罩 drain n水管 vtvi排出 constant a不断的 circulation n循环 gasket n密封垫joint v连接处 tight a紧的 machine vt用机器加工 flat a平的 smooth a光滑的 adequate a足够的 asbestos n石棉 bolt n螺栓 Phrases and Expressions indetail 详细说明 gray iron 灰铸铁 bore liner 气缸衬套 platewith 镀金属 cut out 切去 combinewith 结合，混合 along with 与一道，随着 depend on 取决于，随而定 that is to say 就是说，即 tend to 趋于1.5 Engine Cylinder Block Crankcase We have seen how the mixture of air and fuel is delivered by the fuel system to the engine cylinder, where it is compressed, ignited, and burned, We have noted that this combustion produces a high pressure that pushes the piston down so that the crankshaft is rotated. Now let us examine the various parts of the engine in detail.1.5 发动机气缸体曲轴箱 我们已经了解油气混合燃料是如何通过燃料供给系统输送到发动机气缸的，并在气缸中压缩、点火、燃烧。我们已知道燃烧产生高压并推动活塞下行，带动曲轴转动。现在让我们详细研究一下发动机的各部分结构。 Engine cylinder block The cylinder block of liquid-cooled engines forms the basic framework of the engine. Other parts are attached to the cylinder block or are assembled in it. The block is cast in one piece from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Some blocks are cast from aluminum. The block contains not only the cylinders but also the water jackets that surround them. In aluminum blocks, cast-iron or steel cylinder sleeves (also called bore liners) are used. These metals have better wearing qualities than aluminum and can better withstand the wearing effect of the pistons and rings moving up and down in the cylinders, For most engines, cast iron has been found to be a satisfactory cylinder-wall material. However,in some small engines, the cylinder walls are plated with chromium, a very hard metal, to reduce wall wear and lengthen their life.发动机气缸体 水冷发动机的气缸体构成发动机的基本框架，其它部件都支承或安装在它上面。缸体是由灰铸铁或含有镍或铬的合金铸铁整体铸造而成的。有的缸体由铝浇铸而成。缸体不仅包括气缸，而且包括环绕的水套。在铝铸气缸中，使用铸铁或钢制的气缸套(也叫气缸衬套)。这些金属的耐磨性比铝的好，并能更好地经受住活塞和活塞环在气缸中上下运动产生的磨损。对大多数发动机来说，（我们）发现使用铸铁来做气缸壁是一种较好的材料。然而在一些小型发动机中，在气缸壁面镀上一种非常耐磨的金属铬，可减少气缸壁的磨损并延长使用寿命。Cylinder Head The cylinder head is usually cast in one piece from iron,from iron alloyed with other metals, or from aluminum alloy. Aluminum has the advantage of combining lightness with high heat conductivity. That is, an aluminum head tends to run cooler, other factors being equal. There are two types of head, L head and I head. Cylinder head contains water jackets for cooling; in the assembled engine, these water jackets are connected through openings to the cylinder-block water jackets. Spark-plug holes are provided, along with pockets into which the valves can move as they open. 气缸盖 气缸盖通常由铁、铁合金或铝合金与其他金属铸成一体。铝兼有重量轻，导热性能高的优点。也就是说，其它因素一样时，铝盖发动机运转温度低。有两种气缸盖，L型气缸盖和 I 型气缸盖。气缸盖包含有冷却用的水套。在装配发动机时，这些水套通过出水口与气缸体水套相连通。气缸盖上提供有火花塞口和凹槽，凹槽使气门打开时可以移动。Gaskets The joint between the cylinder block and the head must be tight and able to withstand the pressure and heat developed in the combustion chambers. The block and head cannot be machined flat and smooth enough to provide an adequate seal. Thus, gaskets are used.Head gaskets are made of thin sheets of soft metal or of asbestos and metal.All cylinder, water, valve, and head-bolt openings are cut out. When the gasket is placed on the block and the head installed, tightening of the head bolts (or nuts) squeezes the soft metal so that the joint is effectively sealed. Gaskets are also used to seal joints between other parts, such as between the oil pan, manifolds, or water pump and the block.气缸垫 气缸体与气缸盖之间的接合处必须保持密封，并且能够承受燃烧室产生的高压和高温。用机器加工的方法并不能使气缸体和气缸盖平整光滑足以密封，这样就要使用气缸垫。气缸盖用的密封垫是用软金属薄片或金属和石棉组成的薄片制成的，预留出所有的气缸孔、水道孔、气门孔和气缸盖螺栓孔。当气缸垫装在气缸体和气缸盖上后，拧紧气缸盖螺栓，压紧软金属垫，使得接合处能完全密封。密封垫也可以用于密封其它部件之间的接合处，例如，油底壳、歧管、水泵与气缸体之间的密封。Oil Pan The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. It usually holds 5 to 10 litres of oil, depending on the engine design. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.油盘(油底壳) 油盘（油底壳）通常用薄钢板冲压而成。根据发动机的设计情况，油盘的容量通常是装5到10升油。油盘和气缸体的下部分一起称为曲轴箱，用来封闭或罩住曲轴。润滑系统中的油泵从油底壳中抽出机油，然后送到发动机的各个运动部件。机油回流入油底壳。这样，机油就在油底壳和发动机的各个运动部件之间不断循环流动。scrape off 刮去，擦去 butt joint 对接头 initial tension 初张力 match up 装配 poor bearing fit 轴承不配套 bearing failing 轴承故障1.6 Piston Connecting Rod Piston The piston is essentially a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in the engine cylinder. It is equipped with piston rings to provide a good seal between the cylinder wall and piston. The piston absorbs heat from the gas, and this heat must be carried away if the metal temperature is to be held within safe limits. The constant reversal of the piston travel sets up inertia forces, which increase both with the weight of the piston and with its speed.16 活塞 连杆 活塞 活塞实质上是一个在发动机气缸中上下移动的圆筒状的塞子。活塞上面装有活塞环，给气缸壁和活塞之间提供一个良好的致密性。活塞会从气体中吸热，假如要使金属的温度保持在安全限度以内，吸入的热量就必须散发掉。活塞的不断往复运动产生了惯性力，惯性力也随活塞的重量及其速度的增加而增加。For this reason, designers try to keep piston weight low, particularly in high-speed engines. As lower hood lines and over-square engines became popular, the semi-slipper and full-slipper pistons came into use. On these pistons the number piston rings was reduced to three, two compression and one oil-control. One reason for the slipper piston is that , on the short stroke, over-square engine, the piston skirt had to be cut away to make room for the counterweights on the crankshaft. Also, the slipper piston, being shorter and having part of its skirt cut away, is lighter. 因为这个原因，设计者设法使活塞做的轻些，特别是高速发动机。由于低发动机罩和短行程发动机的进一步普及，半滑裙式活塞和全滑裙式活塞开始应用起来。在这些活塞中，活塞环的数量减少到三个，即两个气环，一个油环。使用滑裙活塞的原因是：短行程发动机为了给曲轴的平衡重让出空间不得不去除部分活塞裙部，而且，长度较短和已切除部分裙部的滑裙式活塞的重量变得较轻。This reduces the inertia load on the engine bearings and, in addition, makes for a more responsive engine. The lighter the piston, the less the hearing load and the longer the bearings will last. Another way to lighten the piston is to make it of light metal. The ideal piston material would be light and strong, conduct heat well, expand only slight when heated, resist wear, and be low in cost. Thus, most automotive-engine pistons today are made of aluminum, which is less than half as heavy as iron. 这些减少了发动机轴承上的惯性负荷，还使发动机反应更加灵敏。活塞越轻，轴承的负荷越小，轴承的工作寿命就越长。还有一种使活塞质量减小的方法是用轻金属来制造活塞。理想的活塞材料应该重量轻、强度高、导热性能好、受热膨胀小、耐磨、价格低廉。因此当今大多数汽车发动机的活塞是用铝制成的，铝的重量还不到铸铁的一半重。Iron pistons were common in the earlier engines. Aluminum expands more rapidly than iron with increasing temperature, however, and since the cylin-der block is of iron, special provisions must be made to maintain proper piston clearance at operating temperatures. To take care of it, the crown is machined on slight taper, the diameter being greatest where the crown meets the skirt and becoming less toward the top. 铸铁活塞在早期的发动机中很普及。铝比铸铁受热膨胀量大。然而，由于气缸体是铸铁制的，所以必须采取特殊的防备措施来维持工作温度下正常的活塞间隙。考虑到这一点，活塞顶部要加工成略呈锥状体，即活塞顶部与活塞裙部交接处直径最大，愈向顶部，直径愈小。 Piston Rings A good seal must be maintained between the piston and cylinder wall to prevent blow-by. Blow-by is the name that describes the escape of burned gases from the combustion chamber, past the piston, and into the crankcase. In other words, these gases blow by the piston. It is not practical to fit the piston to the cylinder closely enough to prevent blow-by. Thus, piston rings must be used to provide the necessary seal .The rings are installed in grooves in the piston. 活塞环 在活塞与气缸壁之间必须保持良好的密封以防止漏气。“漏气”这一说描述的是燃烧气体从燃烧室溢出，经过活塞进入曲轴箱。换句话说，这些气体从活塞溢出。实际上，活塞与气缸间安装得再严密也免不了会漏气。所以，必须使用活塞环来提供必要的密封。活塞环装在活塞的凹槽中。Actually, there are two types of rings, compression rings and oil-control rings. The compression rings seal in the air-fuel mixture as it is compressed and also the combustion pressures as the mixture burns. The oil-control rings scrape off excessive oil from the cylinder wall and return it to the oil pan. The rings have joints (they are split)so that they can be expanded and slipped over the piston head and into the recessed grooves cut in the piston. Rings for automotive engines usually have butt joints, but in some heavy-duty engines, the joints may be angled, lapped, or of the sealed type.事实上有两种活塞环，气环和油环。当可燃混合气受压缩时，气环密封可燃混合气；当可燃混合气燃烧时气环也封阻所产生的压力压力。油环的作用是刮去气缸壁上多余的机油，使之流回油底壳。 活塞环带有接口(它们是一些缝隙)。以便可扩张并滑入活塞头部进入活塞的凹槽中。汽车发动机上的活塞环通常是有对接头。但在一些重型发动机上，活塞环的接口可能是斜角接口、搭接式或是密封式接口的。 The rings are somewhat larger in diameter than they will be when in the cylinder, Then, when they are in-stalled, they are compressed so that the joints are early closed. Compressing the rings gives them an initial tension;they press tightly against the cylinder wall. Connecting Rod The connecting rod is attached at one end to a crankpin on the crankshaft and at the other end to a piston, through a piston pin or wrist pin. The connecting rod must be very strong and rigid and also as light as possible.活塞环的直径要略大于装入气缸时的直径。这样，在活塞环装入气缸中时，活塞环被压缩使它的接头几近闭合。受压的活塞环具有预张力，活塞环就紧紧地压在气缸壁上。 连杆 连杆的一端装在曲轴的连杆轴颈（曲柄销）上，另一端通过活塞销装在活塞上。连杆必须具有足够的强度和刚度，而且要尽可能地轻。The connecting rod carries the power thrusts from the piston to the crankpin. At the same time, the rod is in eccentric motion.To minimise vibration and bearing loads, the rod must be light in weight. To maintain good engine balance, connecting rods and caps are carefully matched in sets for engines. All rods in an engine must be of equal weight; if they are not, noticeable vibration may result. In original assembly, rods and caps are individually matched to each other and usually carry identifying numbers so they will not be mixed if the engine is disassembled for service. They must not be mixed during any service job, since this could result in poor bearing fit and bearing failure. 连杆的作用是将来自活塞驱动力传给连杆轴颈。同时，连杆做偏心运动。为了把振动和轴承负荷减小到最低限度，连杆的重量必须尽可能的轻。为了保持发动机的良好平衡，连杆和连杆盖都要精心配套。一台发动机里面的连杆质量都必须相等，否则，就会产生明显的振动。在进行初装配时，连杆和连杆盖都必须一一选配，而且通常刻上标号以便在要维修拆装发动机时不至于使它们发生匹配错误，在维修工作期间，不能将它们弄混淆了，因为这会造成轴承不配套及轴承的损坏。New New Words forging n. 锻件 considerable a相当大的 mechanical a机械的 strength n强度 excessive a过多，过度 distortion n扭曲 eliminate vt淘汰，剔除 undue a不适当的，过分的 offset a偏移的 opposite a对立的 drill nv.钻 passage n通道 device n装配 sprocket n扣连齿(链轮上与链条结合的齿) camshaft n凸轮轴 damper n减振器 belt n皮带 flywheel n飞轮 impulse n脉冲 overlap vn搭接 combat v努力纠正 tendency n倾向 comparatively ad比较地 bolt n螺栓 absorb vt吸收Phrases and Expressions one-piece 整体的 heat-treated 热处理 keep sthor sbdoing sth 使保持某种状态 at constant speed 以恒速 in effect 实际上1.7 Crankshaft Flywheel Crankshaft The crankshaft is a one-piece casting or forging of heat treated alloy steel of considerable mechanical strength. ( The crankshaft must be strong enough to take the down ward thrusts of the pistons during the power strokes without excessive distortion. (z In addition, the crankshaft must be carefully balanced to eliminate undue vibration resulting from the weight of the offset cranks. 17 曲轴 飞轮 曲轴 曲轴是由合金钢铸造或锻造，经过热处理，具有一定的机械强度的整体结构。曲轴必须具有足够的强度来承受活塞在做功行程期间向下运动产生的冲力，而不至于出现过度的扭曲。另外，曲轴必须经过仔细地平衡，以免曲柄重力偏移而引起过度振动。To provide balance, crankshafts have counterweights opposite the cranks. Crankshafts have drilled oil passages through which oil can flow from the main to the connecting-rod bearings. This tends to make the crankshaft speed up and then slow down. However, the flywheel combats the tendency. The flywheel is a comparatively heavy wheel bolted to the rear end of the crankshaft. (7 The inertia of the flywheel tends to keep it turning at constant speed. (8 飞轮 发动机气缸所产生的动力是不均匀的。虽然在六缸或八缸发动机中，动力冲击重叠发生，但是有时产生的动力会比另一时所产生的动力要大些。这些会使曲轴的运转速度忽快忽慢。然而飞轮可以克服这种不良趋势。飞轮是一个比较重的轮子，轮子用螺栓固定在曲轴的后端。飞轮的惯性使飞轮保持恒速运转。Thus, the flywheel absorbs energy as the crankshaft tries to speed up and gives back energy as the crankshaft tries to slow down. In effect, the flywheel absorbs power from the engine during the power stroke (or speedup time) and then gives it back to the engine during the other three strokes (or slowdown time ) of the cycle.这样，飞轮在曲轴速度增加时把能量贮存起来，而当曲轴速度减慢时释放出能量。事实上，飞轮在做功行程(或加速过程)中，从发动机中贮存动能，而在其它三个行程(或速度减慢过程)中，把动能释放出来。equipment, components, equipment, temporary construction facilities, processed with strict compliance with provisions of construction floor plans, smooth roads and drainage, site formation. -3, the site looks dignified and elegant and tidy, advertising slogans to write eye-catching appearance, walls to be clean and tidy. 4, six-second figure-cards to complete, custom, eye-catching, hanging in the obvious place. Management-5, district administration, launch of Qing dynasty focuses on managing the cleaning, recycling, use, four Central Bank; the work is finished, clean, clear, work product protection in all procedures to periodically check the appraisals in a timely manner. 6, clean health-engineering work sites, temporary facilities clean and tidy inside and outside. 7, mechanical health-engineering machinery, vehicles are maintained in good condition, looks clean, and free from dirt, dust, electrical switchgear (box) complete with lock, mechanical safety protection equipment and complete, sensitive and reliable. 8, fire, defend-perfect fire system, set in accordance with requirements of fire equipment, set up obvious fire safety signs and signage, provide effective fire-fighting equipment, establishment of a security system, and out of the site staff to wear to work, marks and signs, implements- 11 -