词汇学考试题及答案

l.givethedefinitionofthelexicology.2. givethedefinitionoftheword3. whatarethemainthreetypesofwordformationandthemainfeaturesofthethreetypes?4. whataretheycharacteristicsoftheEnglishidioms?5. whatdoyouthinkofthecourse:Englishlexicology.第一题Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsinquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.(WNWD)Englishlexicologyisasubbranchoflinguistics.Butitembracesotheracademicdisciplines,suchasmorphology,semantics,etymology,stylistics,lexicography.Morphology:thebranchofgrammar,studiesthestructureorformofwords,primarilythroughtheuseofmorphemeconstruct.Etymology:traditionallyusedforthestudyoftheoriginsandhistoryoftheformandmeaningofwords.Semantics:thestudyofmeaningsofdifferentlinguisticslevels:lexis,syntax,utterance, discourse, etc.Stylistics: the study of style, concerned with the user in a particular context for special effects.s chleicesntsf linguisticLexicography:recordthelanguageasitisusedsoastopresentthegenuinepictureofwordstothereader,providingauthoritativereference.(Editadictionary).第二题Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1) aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2) asoundunity;(3) aunitofmeaning;(4) aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.第三题Themostproductivewordformationsareaffixations,compoundingandconversion.Therestofnewwordscomefromshorteningincludingclippingandacronymy,togetherwithwordsbornoutofblendingandothermeans.Whileapplyingtherules,weshouldrememberthattherearealwaysexceptions.1. AffixationAffixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivations.1.1 Prefixation.Itistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Themajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-class-changingnature.Negativeprefixes:a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,un-.Reversativeprefixes:de-,dis-,un-.Pejorativeprefixes:mal-,mis-,pseudo-.Prefixesofdegreeorsize:arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-.Prefixesoforientationandattitude:anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-.Locativeprefixes:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-.Prefixesoftimeandorder:ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-.Numberprefixes:bi-,multi-(poly-),semi-(hemi-),tri-,uni-(mono-).Miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.1.2 SuffixationItistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Theymainlychangethewordclass.Nounsuffixes:a. Denominalnouns:Concrete:-eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-let;Abstract:-age,-dom,-ery,-ery(-ry),-hood,-ing,-sim,-ship.b. Deverbalnouns:Tocreatenounsdenotingpeople:-ant,-ee,-ent,-er(-or).Toproduceabstractnouns,denotingaction,result,process,state,etc.:-age,-al,-ance,-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion),-ence,-ing,-ment.c. De-adjectivenouns:-ity,-ness.d. Nounandadjectivesuffixes:canbeusedbothasnounsandadjectives:-ese,-an,-ist.Adjectivesuffixes:e. Denominalsuffixes:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y;-al(-ial,-ical),-esque,-ic,-ous(-eous,-ious).(Both-icand4calcanbeaffixedtothesamesteminsomecases,butdifferinmeaning.)f. Deverbalsuffixes:-able(-ible),-ive(-ative,-sive).Adverbsuffixes:-ly,-ward(s),-wise.Verbsuffixes:-ate,-en,-(i)fy,-ize(-ise).Someseeminglyproductivevogueaffixeslike-nikarestillconsideredslang.2. CompoundingItistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems,alsocalledcomposition.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.AcompoundisalexicologyunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasinglewordT.heycanbewrittensolid,hyphenatedandopen.2.1 CharacteristicsofCompoundsOpencompoundsarethesameinformasfreephrases.Thedifference:Phoneticfeatures:Incompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstelement.Semanticfeatures:Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Grammaticalfeatures:Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence.2.2 FormationofCompoundsThethreemajorclassesofcompounds:Nouncompounds:n+n;n+v;v+n;a+n;n+v-ing;v-ing+n;n+v-er;adv+v;v+adv;v-ing+adv;adv+v-ing.Allofthesepatternsaremoreorlessproductiveexceptthelasttwo.Adjectivecompounds:n+v-ing;a+v-ing;n+a;a+a;n+v-ed;a（adv）+v-ed;n（a）+n-ed;num+n;num+n-ed;adv+v-ing;v-ed+adv.Veryproductive:n+v-ing,n+a,n+v-ed.Verbcompounds.Thelimitednumberofverbsarecreatedeitherthroughconversionorbackformation.3. ConversionItistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisprocessisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.ConversiontoNounVerbtonoun:Almostallmonomorphemicverbscanbeusedasnouns,whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariouswaysaccordingtoQuirketal:State（ofmindorsensation）;Eventoractivity;Resultoftheaction;Doeroftheaction;Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith;Placeofaction.Manysimplenounsconvertedfromverbscanbeusedwithhave,take,make,giveetc.toformphrasestoreplacetheverbordenoteabriefaction.Adjectivetonoun:Notalladjectiveswhichareconvertedcanachieveafullnounstatus.Wordsfullyconverted:Theycanbe:commonadjectives,participlesandothers.Wordspartiallyconverted:Thisclassgenerallyrefertoagroupofthekind.Miscellaneousconversion:Thiscoversnounsconvertedfromconjunctions,models,finiteverbs,prepositions,etc.ConversiontoverbsAnouncanbeconvertedtoaverbwithoutanychange.Thisisbotheconomicalandvivid.Nountoverb:ways:toputinoronN;togiveNrtoprovidewithN;toremoveNfrom;todowithN;tobeoractasN;tomakeorchangeintoN;tosendorgobyN.Verbsofthistypearealltransitiveexceptthelastone.Adjectivetoverb:Thisisnotasproductiveasthatofnouns.TheycanbeusedeithertransitivelytomeantomakeadjectiveorintransitivelytobecomeadjectiveVerbsrestrictedtotransitiveusearestill,forward,free,bare,blindandsoon.MiscellaneousconversionInsomecases,conversionisaccompaniedbycertainchange:whichaffectpronunciationorspellingorstressdistribution.Themostcommonchangesare:Voicelesstovoicedconsonant;Initialtoendstress.第四题Idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiommayincludecolloquialisms（俗语）,Catchphrases（标语）,slangexpressions（俚语），proverbs（谚语）,etc.TheyformanimportantpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.CharacteristicsofIdioms:SemanticUnityandStructuredStabilitySemanticUnity:Beingphrasesorsentences,Idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword,buteachisasemanticunity,e.g.keepinmind,takeoff.Thesemanticunityofidiomsisalsoreflectedinthe川ogicalrelationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningandthemeaningoftheidiom.Forexample,HowdoyoudodoesnotmeanInwhatwaydoyoudothings.StructuralStability:Thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable:theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced;thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged;theconstituentsofanidiomcannotbedeletedoraddedto;manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.第五题Englishlexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourse.ItischieflyconcernedwiththebasictheoriesofwordsingeneralandofEnglishwordsinparticular.However,itisapracticalcourseaswell,forinthediscussion,weshallinevitablydealwithcopiousstocksofwordsandidioms,andstudymanyusageexamples.Naturally,therewillbealargequantityofpracticeinvolved.Lexicologyembracesotheracademicdisciplines,suchasmorphology(形态学)，semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论),lexicography(词典编撰).Aimsofthecourse1) GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.2) OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.3) Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formation4) StudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.Thesignificanceofthecourse1) Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).2) Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.3) Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.4) Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.5) Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.