综合语与分析语PPT课件

综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系（拉丁语、德语、古英语） A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. ( Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ) 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系（汉语） An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”. ( The Random House College Dictionary ) 形态变化 词序 虚词 语调（intonation）和声调（tone） 一、英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。 1、构词形态 词缀变化（affixation） 前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix） He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movements astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. 2、构形形态 表达语法意义的词形变化 e.g. 我给他一本书。 他已给我两本书。 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 I gave him a book. He has given me two books. His father often gives him books.e.g. 我给他一本书。 他已给我两本书。 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 现代英语的形态变化主要为： 性(gender)、数(number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person)、词性(parts of speech) 汉语没有严格意义的形态变化： 数量助词（们）、动态助词（着、了、过）、结构助词（的、地、得） 二、英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定。 形态变化越多的语言，词序越灵活，反之亦然。 Love conquers all things. 1、英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上相同，但英语的倒序现象较多。英语有结构性倒装（structural inversion），也有功能性倒装（functional inversion），汉语则以功能性倒装居多。 What in the world do you mean? What a beautiful voice you have? Not a finger did I lay on him. Such are the rewards that always crown virtue. 她文章写得好。 酒他喝得太多。 He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power. We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house. It must be a great satisfaction to all ranks and races engaged in our common effort that the Japanese have been challenged and beaten in jungle warfare in Burma, and that their boastfulness should have received a salutary exposure. Rocket research had confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected: there is a “high-temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. 他被剥夺了权力后，只好离职，流落他乡。 我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。 刚才几位可尊敬的先生向全体代表发言了。对于这几位先生的爱国精神及才干，我个人比任何人都更钦佩。 在缅甸丛林战中，日军受到挑战并被击败。他们大言不惭的自吹这回得到了有力的揭露。这对于从事于我们共同事业的各阶层人士、各民族人民来说，必然是一件大快人心的事。 人们早就怀疑大气中有一个高温带，其中心在距地面约30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。 2、定语的位置 汉语的定语一般在名词前面，英语的定语比较灵活。 e.g. 一个很重要的问题 一个可以辩论的题目 以空前的速度 A very important question a question of great importance A debatable subject a subject which can be debated At an unprecedented speed at a speed unprecedented Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 至今仍保存着许多速写，画的是坐在路旁的农民和在田里劳动的男男女女。 第二方面是使用科学家们在工作中所运用的特殊的思想方法和行动方法。社会所有成员，从政府官员到普通老百姓，都要使用这些方法。 Keith: A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. 基思：一个讨饭的，身材矮小，面色苍黄，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡子。 她心地厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，器量又大。 她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华，又迷人，但有点脾气。 3、多层逻辑的表达 句中若有叙事部分和表态部分，英语常常是表态部分（判断、结论）在前，叙事部分（事实、描写）在后，即先总提后分述，先讲结果后追述过去，汉语则反之。英语先短后长，汉语反之。 I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. On earth, where fog or rain would interfere with transmission, lasers would have to be beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent power loss. It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight. Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested. 我强烈地认为，英国应该继续是欧共体中一个积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。 地球上的雾或雨会干扰激光的传播，因此，为了防止能量的损失，激光必须从真空管道通过。 要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。 如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含有任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。 如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断，几乎是无可置辩的了。 Category contains only four items,/ and I shall say no more about them except that,/ since they are under consideration, /we should not let the grass grow under tree, but attempt, as early as possible, to arrive at a common understanding/ in the interest of humanity. I believe /that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations - /so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning - /when I say/ that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past,/ matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future,/ so that we can escape from frustration and/ turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement. 第二类只包括四项，而且都已在审议之中。为了人类的利益，我们应该不失时机，力图尽快求得共同的认识。除此之外，别的我就不多说了。 这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去的失误的时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时，我相信-今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信- 我是代表联合国每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话的。 三、英汉都有大量的虚词，但各有特色 英语的虚词也称结构词（structural words）或功能词（function words）, 包括冠词、介词、助动词、并列连接词和从属连接词。汉语的虚词包括介词、助词和连词。 1、英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词。 take the chair take a chair a hundred and one one hundred and one They are students of our school. They are the students of our school. I have lived here for more than a year. I have lived here for more than one year. She served me with a kind of coffee. She served me with coffee of a kind. She was with a child. She was with child. take the chair 主持会议 take a chair 坐下 a hundred and one 许许多多 one hundred and one 一百零一 他们是本校的部分学生。 他们是本校的全体学生。 我住在这里已一年多了。（一年又几个月） 我住在这里已不止一年了。（可能两三年） 她请我喝一种特别的咖啡。 她请我喝一种不大好的咖啡。 她带着一个孩子。 她怀着孕。 2、汉语有丰富的助词，分为动态助词（着、了、过）、结构助词（的、地、得）和语气助词（吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛） 你一定觉得有点儿累。 你一定觉得有点儿累了。（肯定） 你一定觉得有点儿累了吧。（半信半疑） 语气词使得汉语中表示情绪的语调显得次要了。汉语的声调用来表示词义的变化，不太适宜表示情绪。 英语常用介词，汉语则少用介词。 英语连接词的种类和数量比汉语多，而且使用率也比汉语高。 四、英语是语调语言，汉语是声调语言 Intonation language vs. Tone language You may not go. You may not go. All cats dont like water. All cats dont like water. I didnt leave home, because I was afraid of my father. I didnt leave home because I was afraid of my father. 你不可以去。 你可以不去。 猫都不喜欢水。 猫并不都喜欢水。 我没有离开家，因为我怕我父亲。 我离开了家，但不是因为我怕我父亲。 You said he would COME. You said he would COME. You said HE would come. You SAID he would come. You SAID he would COME. You said he would COME. 你说过他会来的。 You said he would COME. 你说过他准会来的。 （I was personally doubtful） You said HE would come. 你说过他（自己）会来的。 （You didnt say that his wife was coming as well.） You SAID he would come. 你是说过他会来的。 （But that doesnt mean he really will） You SAID he would COME. 你是说过他一定会来的。 （And, my goodness, there he is!） 我叫他去。 我叫他去。 我想起来了。 我想起来了。 It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm. 绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或震，或起，或伏。部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！