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中考语法专题九中考语法专题九 时态和语态时态和语态时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法一般现在一般现在1）经常性和习惯性的动作或存在状态2）表示现在的情况或状态及永恒的真理注意：主语是第三人称单数第三人称单数（he, she, it, Tom, my teacher）表示频度的副表示频度的副词：词：always, usually , often , sometimes , seldom , hardly , every week , once a month .1)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句含有将来时、情态动词，或者是祈使句，从句用一般现在时一般现在时代替将来时。2）在宾语从句宾语从句中，当从句表示客客观真理观真理或普遍规律普遍规律时，无论主句是过去还是现在的时态，从句从句都用一般现在时一般现在时态。3） begin ,come, go, leave, start, stop, arrive, return, open, close 等等动词常用一般现在时表示按计划动词常用一般现在时表示按计划，规定将要发生的动作，规定将要发生的动作时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法一般现在一般现在1）经常性和习惯性的动作或存在状态2）表示现在的情况或状态及永恒的真理注意：主语是第三第三人称单数人称单数（he, she, it, Tom, my teacher）动词现在时第三人称类型变化规则例子一般情况在词尾加-stake-takeslisten-listens以-s, -x,-o -sh, -ch,结尾在词尾加-esgo-goeswash-washes以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y 为i再加-estry-triesstudy-studies特殊情况不规则变化have-has时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法一般过去时一般过去时1.过去时间发生的事情，存在的状态或反复发生的动作。2.结构：was/were +表语 there was/were 实义动词+动词过去式1）yesterday.; 2）last week. 3）two days ago ,4）just now = a moment ago 刚才 ; 5）this morning 6）in 1980 过去式的构成方法类型规则例子一般情况在词尾加-edclimb-climbedplant-planted以 e结尾在词尾加-dlive-liveddie-died以“辅音字母+y结尾”改y为i 再加-edstudy-studiedfry-fried以重读闭音节，末尾一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母，再加-edstop-stoppedadmit-admitted不规则变化put-puttake-took时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法现在进行时现在进行时1)表示现在正在进行的动作2)句式结构：主语+is/am/are +现在分词常用时态标志：1） Listen , Look .2） now, at this time , these days ;表示位置移动的词 go , come , leave, arrive 表示交通方式的词 walk , drive, fly 常用进行时进行时表示将来时。将来时。现在分词的结构类型变化规则例子一般情况直接加-inggo-goinghelp-helping以不发音的e结尾去e加-ingleave-leavingwrite-writing以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ingrun-runningstop-stopping以ie结尾改ie 为y 再加-ingdie-dyinglie-lying时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法过去进行时过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行或发生的动作。2.结构：was/were +现在分词（doing）then, at that time, at five yesterday from 2 to 3 yesterdaywhen , while 引导的 时间状语从句一般将来时一般将来时1）表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态2）结构 will/shall+ 动词原形be going to +动词原形现在进行时表将来tomorrow ,next week,in the future, soon , how soon , in 10 days , in 2020be going to + V 原形，常用来表示计划，打算做某事过去将来时过去将来时1.表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，即“从过去看将来”2.结构 would + 动词原形 was/were going to + 动词原形常用于主句主句是 一一般过去时般过去时的宾语从句中I told him I would finish that project the next day.时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法现在完成时现在完成时1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。还表示动作从过去某时间开始，一直持续到现在，并有可能继续下去。2)结构：主语+have/has + 过去分词1）already （肯定句）yet （否定句，疑问句）2）ever, never ;3）just, before , so far ; recently 4）since+ 一般一般过去时过去时since 1990 , since two years ago;=for two years ;5）in the past few years1）have / has gone to 去了某地（不在说话的地方）have / has been to 去过（强调次数）have / has been in 在某地（强调一段时间）2）瞬间性动词瞬间性动词要转换成延续性延续性动词动词for + 段时间段时间 since +一段时间一段时间+ago / 一般过去一般过去时时How long .buy have borrow keep die be dead leave be away from come here be here时态时态 8 种时态种时态标志标志特特 殊殊 用用 法法过去完成时过去完成时1.表示到过去某时间为止或在过去某时间之前已经发生或者完成的动作，即“过去的过去”2.结构:主语+had+ 过去分词By/before+过去的时间构成的介词短语 e.g by the end of last year1)before, when 引导的一般过去时的从句过去的动作动作之前 when I got to the stationbefore I went out,过去的时间时间之前， by last month , by the end of last month（一）（一） 一般现在时一般现在时1.Tom _ to school by bike every day. （ go ） 2.They _（ go） to school on foot 3.否定句 He _ to school by bike every day. 4. 否定句They _ to school on foot5. 一般疑问句_ he _ to school by bike every day ? 6. 一般疑问句 they to school on foot?goesgodoesnt godont go Doesgogo Do 考点自测一考点自测一考点一考点一: 动词三单的变化规则动词三单的变化规则1. 直接在动词后面加-s look-looks like-likes2. 以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词语后面加-es brush brushes watches3. 以y结尾的词语，变y为i 加-es fly-flies carry-carries4. 不规则变化 have-has时态：时态： 1. The teacher said the sun _（ rise）in the east and _ （ set） in the west. 2. If it _（ not rain） tomorrow, well go the park. 3. I will tell him as soon as he _（ come） back. risessetsdoesnt raincomes （二）（二） 一般过去时一般过去时 1. Tom _（clean） the classroom yesterday.2. 否定句 Tom _the classroom yesterday3. 一般疑问句 _ Tom _ the classroom yesterday ?4. 肯定回答 _ , _.5. 否定回答 _ , _.考点一：动词过去式的变化规则考点一：动词过去式的变化规则1. 直接在动词后面加-ed want-wanted look-looked2. 以e结尾的在动词后面直接加-d like-liked 3. 重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母加-edstop-stopped4. 以y结尾的变y 为i 加ed carry-carried cleaneddidnt cleanDidcleanYeshe did. Nohe didnt （二）（二） 一般过去时一般过去时 考点二：考点二：used to do sth 过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯或动作。过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯或动作。be/ become/ get used to+doing, 习惯于做习惯于做” 1.国王过去常常住在城堡里。 The kings used to live in the castle in France.2.我爷爷习惯于住在乡下。 My grandpa is used to living in the countryside.考点三：考点三：“It is+一段时间一段时间+since+一般过去时一般过去时”，表示，表示“自自从从以来有以来有时间时间”的意思，主句可用的意思，主句可用it is来代替来代替It has been1. 自从我来到深圳已经10年了。 It is 10 years since I _ Shenzhen.came to （三）现在进行时（三）现在进行时1.He_ his homework now.（ do ） 2.否定句 He _his homework now. 3.一般疑问句 _ he _his homework now ?4.肯定回答 _ , _.5.否定回答 _ , _.is doingisnt doing Is doingYes he isNo he isnt （三）现在进行时（三）现在进行时1. 直接在动词后面加-ing do-doing ski-skiing2. 以不发音e结尾的单词，去掉e 再加-ing write-writing ride-riding3. 重读闭音节单词，双写最后一个字母再加-ing shop-shopping swim-swimming 考点一：动词现在分词变化规则考点一：动词现在分词变化规则 1. I _ （come ）. 我就来了。 I am coming考点二：现在进行时可以表示将来。（常用词考点二：现在进行时可以表示将来。（常用词come ,go, leave .start, move,） I am coming （四）（四） 过去进行时过去进行时1. He his homework at 8 yesterday. 2. 否定句 He his homework at 8 yesterday.3. 一般疑问句 he his homework at 8 yesterday?4. 肯定回答 , .5. 否定回答 , .was doing wasnt doing WasdoingYeshe was No he wasnt （四）（四） 过去进行时过去进行时1. 当老师进来的时候，我们在读书。We _ when the teacher came in.考点一：过去进行时考点一：过去进行时+when+一般过去时一般过去时, 1. 妈妈在做饭时，我在看电视。While mum _, I was _TV.考点二：过去进行时考点二：过去进行时+while+过去进行时过去进行时were reading books was cooking watching （五）（五） 一般将来时一般将来时 1.He _（make） a card for his Mum this weekend. 2.否定句 He _（make） a card for his Mum this weekend.3.一般疑问句_he _（make） a card for his Mum this weekend.4.肯定回答 _ , _.5. 否定回答 _ , _.will makewill make WillmakeYes he willNo he wont （五）（五） 一般将来时一般将来时 1. 用用你的大脑，你将会找到办法。Use your head, and you _（find） a way.考点一：祈使句考点一：祈使句+and/or+句子，这种结构中句子，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语后面的句子谓语可用一般将来时。可用一般将来时。1. Open the window, ? 2. Lets go to the zoo, ?考点二：祈使句考点二：祈使句+反意疑问句部分（反意疑问句部分（will you）1. 将有场运动会。 There _ a sports meeting.考点三：考点三：be going to +动词原形，表示打算做某事或可能要发动词原形，表示打算做某事或可能要发生某事。生某事。will find will youis going to be will you （ 六六 ） 过去将来时过去将来时1.He said he _（come） to see me.2.I was told that he_（ return） home.would comewould return 1.He_（finish）for ten days.2.否定句 He _（finish）for ten days. 3.一般疑问句 _ he _ （finish）for ten days?4.肯定回答 _ , _.5.否定回答 _ , _.考点一：现在完成时考点一：现在完成时+for+时间段时间段/since+时间点时间点1. I _ （live） in Shenzhen for two years. /since 2 years ago.（ 七七 ） 现在完成时现在完成时 has finishedHashas finished finished Yes he has No he hasnt have lived （ 七七 ） 现在完成时现在完成时 1.-Where is Lily？- She _ to Beijing.2.I _ to Beijing twice.3. My parents _ Shenzhen since 1999.考点二：考点二：has gone to/has been to / have been in 的区别的区别1. Shenzhen _ a lot in the past 50 years. （ change ） 考点三：现在完成时考点三：现在完成时+表示表示“最近几世纪最近几世纪/年年/月以来月以来”时时间状语，如：间状语，如：in the past few years/months/weeks/dayshas gone to have been tohave been in has changed （ 七七 ） 现在完成时现在完成时 1. 这是我第一次参观中国。 This is my first time that I _ （visit） China.2. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。This is the most interesting film that I _ ever _（see）. 3. 那是他写的唯一的书。 That is the only book that he _（ write）. 考点四：表示考点四：表示“第几次做某事第几次做某事”或在或在“It is the best （worst, most interesting）+名词名词+that”后面跟现在完后面跟现在完成时。成时。 have visitedhave seen has written （ 七七 ） 现在完成时现在完成时 1.die- _ 2.borrow- _3.buy- _ 4. open- _ 5.close- _ 6. begin- _7. leave- _ （from） 8.join- _9.marry - _ 10.go- _11.return-_12.他已经买了那本书。 He _the book.13. 他买了那本书已经三天了 He _ the book for 3 days.考点五：延续性动词考点五：延续性动词和瞬间动词的转换。瞬间动词的转换。been dead kepthadbe openbeen closedbeen on been away been a member ofbeen marriedbeen awaybeen back 1.Tom_ the work when they came back. （finish）2.否定句 Tom _ the work when they came back.3.一般疑问句 _ Tom _ the work when they came back?4.肯定回答 _ , _.5.否定回答 _ , _.考点一：过去完成时考点一：过去完成时+by the end of+过去时间过去时间1. We_ 200 bridges by the end of 2000.（build）2. By the time he was 14, he _ （ set） up a small company of his own.（ 八八 ）过去完成时）过去完成时 had finishedhadnt finishedHad finishedYes he hadNohe hadnthad built had set （ 八八 ）过去完成时）过去完成时 1.We _ the homework when the teacher came back. （finish） 2.When I got to the checkout, I realized that I _ （ leave） my purse at home.考点二：过去完成时考点二：过去完成时+when+一般过去时一般过去时1.He said he_ the film. （ see ） 2.She told me she _ （ be ill） recently.3.He said he _ （ know） nothing about her until then.考点三：用于宾语从句中考点三：用于宾语从句中had finished had left had seenhad been ill had known 语态语态1、不知道或者没有必要提到动作的执行者：Some expensive watches were stolen last night. 昨晚一些昂贵的手表被盗了。2、需要强调和突出动作的承受者：English is spoken widely in the world. 英语在世界上广泛地使用。3、句子的主语是动作的承受者：Much soil was washed away by the heavy rain. 大量泥土被大雨冲走。4、说话或者发表意见，为了显得公正客观，也常用以下结构：It is said that 据说 It is hoped that 希望It is believed that 据信 It is reported that 据报道被动语态的用法：被动语态的用法：各种时态的主动被动语态一览表各种时态的主动被动语态一览表时态时态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesis/am/are +doneI close the door.The door is closed一般过去时didwas/were +dongTim made the paper bag.The paper bag was made by Tim.一般将来时will/shall + dowill/shall + be doneThey will build a new library in our school.The new library will be built in our school.现在进行时am/is/are +doingam/is/are +being doneThey are cleaning the room.The room is being cleaned by them.各种时态的主动被动语态一览表各种时态的主动被动语态一览表时态时态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态现在完成时have/has +donehave/has +been doneI havent found my purse.My purse hasnt been found.过去进行时was/were +doingwas/were+ being doneKim was repairing the bicycle.The bicycle was being repaired by Kim. 过去完成时had+ donehad+ been doneThey had written two books by the end of last month.Two books had been written by the end of last month.过去将来时would/should +dowould/should +be doneHe said they would hold a party.He said a party would be held. 含情态动词can/may/must+ docan/may/must+ be doneWe can finish this project.This project can be finished by us.语态语态考点一考点一 happen / take place 无被动语态无被动语态 （，）被动语态。 如：sound, seem, smell, taste, look, feel sell , suit, wash, wear, write The song sounds beautiful. The cloth feels soft / comfortable. The books sell well . The shoes suit you. This cloth washes well. Silk wears well. This pen writes well.考点二考点二 有些有些 表状态特征的系动词表状态特征的系动词 和某些和某些 表主语内在品质表主语内在品质或性能的动词或性能的动词，通常不用，通常不用 语态语态She made me do the housework . I was made to do the housework by her . I saw him enter the room just now . He was seen to enter the room just mow. 考点三考点三 下列词在主动中省略下列词在主动中省略to，被动句中加上，被动句中加上to . see , hear , let , make, watch, notice, feel等使役动词和感官等使役动词和感官动词在主动语态中与省略动词在主动语态中与省略to的动词不定式连用，但变成被的动词不定式连用，但变成被动语态以后，要把省略的动语态以后，要把省略的to还原。还原。语态语态We laughed at him. He was laughed at （by us）.People take care good of the old men in China.The old men in China are taken good care of.考点四考点四 由不及物动词由不及物动词+ 介词或副词形成的被动语态，后面介词或副词形成的被动语态，后面的介词或副词不能去掉。的介词或副词不能去掉。This kind of pen writes very smoothly.The books sell well. 考点五考点五 open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, drive 等词做不及物动词且他们的主语为物时，可用主动等词做不及物动词且他们的主语为物时，可用主动语态表示被动意义。语态表示被动意义。语态语态The question is easy to answer.The mountain is difficult to climb.考点六考点六 不定式在某些形容词之后且与主语有动宾关系，主动语不定式在某些形容词之后且与主语有动宾关系，主动语态表示被动。态表示被动。I will have my watch repaired soon. 考点七考点七 “have/get +宾语宾语+ 过去分词过去分词”这个结构也表示一种被这个结构也表示一种被动的意思。动的意思。The flowers need watering.These books are worth reading. 考点八考点八 在在need 后面，主动的后面，主动的-ing 形式表示被动的意义；在形式表示被动的意义；在be worth doing 中，中，-doing 也表示被动也表示被动
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