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II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Left HandednessWhat do Leonardo da Vinci, Marie Curie, and Albert Einstein have in common? They were all left-handed, along with other famous people including Barack Obama. In fact, an estimated 13 percent of the worlds population (25)_ be left-handed.Most people are right-handed. This fact also seems to have held true (26)_ history. In 1977, scientists studied works of art made at various times starting with cave drawings from 15,000 B.C. and ending with paintings from the 1950s. Most of the people (27)_ (show) in these works of art are right-handed.Many researchers claim (28)_ (find)relationships between left-handedness and various physical and mental characteristics. However, (29)_ of these connections are very weak, and others have not been proven.What makes a person become right-handed rather than left-handed? As yet, no one really knows for sure. (30)_ _ _ reasons may be behind it, peoples attitudes toward left-handedness have changed a lot over the years. There are even a number of shops (31)_ (specialize) in selling products for left-handed people, such as left-handed scissors, can openers, guitars, and even a left-handed camera.In 1976, Left-Handers International, a group of left-handed people in Topeka, Kansas, in the United States, decided to start (32)_ annual event in order to clear up misunderstandings about left-handedness.(B)Motivating Students(33)_ _ a young child might be nervous about starting school, he or she is often excited on the first day of school. Perhaps that excitement lasts through the first few years of school. But over time, many children are much (34) _ (excited) about going to school because school becomes a place of “all work and no play.” As the years go by, students(35)_(pressure) to do more work and to do it better, make better test scores, and have a higher class rank. It is therefore not surprising that by middle school many students lose interest in school and learning.Teachers face a big challenge in such a situation. When they enter a classroom (36)_ _ most of the students do not want to be there and do not want to study, how can they teach? Some teachers may be tempted to focus their energy on the handful of students in the classroom who show an interest in (37)_(learn). Other teachers have to reward “good” students and punishing “bad” students in the hope (38)_ this may somehow motivate all students to try harder.Through his own teaching experience, Dr. Richard Lavoie became interested in the problem of motivating students. He (39)_(wonder) what motivates some students to want to learn. In studying this question, Dr. Lavoie discovered that other people have done a lot of research into this question already. However, those people do not work in schools. The people who seemed to know the most about (40)_ motivates kids were researchers who work for companies that were advertising products such as toys and music for children.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. adequatelyB. advancesC. neighbourD. colonizeE. concerns F. createG. intensivelyH. settlersI. smartJ. journey K. survive“Once we spread out into space and establish independent colonies, our future should be safe,”Stephen Hawking says.Stephen Hawking, one of the worlds most important scientists, believes that to _41_, humans must move into space.Today, the United States, India, China, and Japan are all planning to send astronauts back to Earths closest _42_: the moon. Each country wants to create space stations there between 2020 and 2030. These stations will _43_prepare humans to visit and later live on Mars or other Earth-like planets.Robert Zubrin, a rocket scientist, thinks humans should _44_ space. He wants to start with Mars. Why? There are several advantages: for one, sending people to the moon and Mars will allow us to learn a lotfor example, whether living on other planets is possible. Then, we can eventually_45_ new human societies on other planets. In addition, the _46_ we make for space travel in the fields of science, technology, medicine, and health can also benefit us here on Earth.But not everyone thinks sending humans into space is a(n)_47_ idea. Many say its too expensive to send people, even on a short _48_. And most space trips are not short. A one-way trip to Mars, for example, would take about six months. People travelling this kind of distance face a number of health problems. Also, for many early space _49_, life would be extremely difficult. On the moons surface, for example, the air and the suns rays are very dangerous. People would have to stay indoors most of the time.Despite these _50_, sending people into space seems certain. In the future, we might see lunar(月球上的) cities and maybe even new human cultures on other planets.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When you say that someone has a good memory, what exactly do you mean? Are you saying that the person has fast recall or that he or she_51_ information quickly? Or maybe you just mean that the person remembers a lot about her or his childhood. The truth is that it is _52_ to say exactly what memory is. Even scientists who have been studying memory for decades say they are still trying to _53_ exactly what it is. We do know that a particular memory is not just one thing stored somewhere in the brain. _54_, a memory is made up of bits and pieces of information stored all over the brain. Perhapsthe best way to _55_ memory is to say that it is a processa process of recording, storing, and getting back information. Practice and repetition can help to _56_ the pieces that make up our memory of that information.Memory can be _57_ affected by a number of things. _58_ nutrition can affect a persons ability to store information. Excessive alcohol use can also weaken memory and cause permanent _59_ to the brain over the long term. A vision or hearing problem may affect a persons ability to notice certain things, thus making it _60_ to register information in the brain.When people talk about memory, they often_61_ short-term memory and long-term memory. If you want to call a store or an office that you dont call often, you look in the telephone book for the number. You dial the number, and then you forget it! You use your short-term memory to remember the number. Your short-term memory lasts about 30 seconds, or half a minute. _62_, you dont need to look in the telephone book for your best friends number, because you already know it. This number is in your long-term memory, which _63_ information about things you have learned and experienced through the years.Why do you forget things sometimes? The major reason for forgetting something is that you did not learn it well enough _64_. For example, if you meet some new people and right away forget their names, it is because you did not _65_ the names at the first few seconds when you heard them.51. A. collectsB. processesC. publishesD. absorbs52. A. necessaryB. importantC. difficultD. convenient53. A. figure outB. take outC. put outD. give out54. A. After allB. InsteadC. By contrastD. Besides55. A. recallB. refreshC. describeD. decrease56. A. loseB. organizeC. identifyD. strengthen57. A. positivelyB. negativelyC. activelyD. directly58. A. PoorB. AdequateC. SpecialD. Various59. A. benefitB. offenceC. effectD. damage60. A. easierB. more impressiveC. harderD. more convenient61. A. refer toB. apply forC. come acrossD. break down62. A. FurthermoreB. HoweverC. ConsequentlyD. Otherwise63. A. leaksB. transmitsC. checksD. stores64. A. in the middleB. at the endC. in the beginningD. ahead of time65. A. restoreB. recordC. replaceD. respondSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)In 1991, high in the mountains of Europe, hikers made a discovery: a dead man partly frozen in the ice. However, the police investigation soon became a scientific one. Carbon dating indicated that the man died over 5,300 years ago. Today he is known as the Iceman and has been nicknamed “tzi” for the tztal Alps where he was found. Kept in perfect condition by the ice, he is the oldest complete human body on the earth.Scientists think he was an important person in his society. An examination of his teeth and skull tells us that he was not a young man.His arms were not the arms of a laborer. His dagger(匕首) was made of stone, but he carried a copper axe. This implies wealth, and he was probably from the upper classes.We know he could make fire, as a fire-starting kit was discovered with him. Even the food he had eaten enabled scientists to reason exactly where in Italy he lived.But why did the Iceman die in such a high and icy place? There have been many theories. Some said he was a lost shepherd. Others thought he was killed in a religious ceremony. Over the years since he was found, tiny scientific discoveries have led to great changes in our understanding of the story of the Iceman. The newest scientific information indicates that he was cruelly murdered. “Even five years ago, the story was that he fled up there and walked around in the snow and probably died of exposure,” said Klaus Oeggl, a scientist at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. “Now its all changed. Its more like acrime scene.”In June 2001, an X-ray examination of the body showed a small dark shape beneath the Icemans left shoulder. It was the stone head of an arrow. It had caused a deadly injury that probably killed him very quickly. In 2003, an Australian scientist discovered the blood of four different people on the clothes of the Iceman. Did a bloody fight take place before his murder? Injuries on his hand and head indicate that this may be true. One theory, put forward by archeologist (考古学家) WalterLeitner, says that the Icemans murder was the end of a fight for power among his people. However, this idea is certainly debatable.66. What does “tzi”refer to _.A. the oldest perfectly preserved human bodyB. the most famous tourist attractiontztal AlpsC. an important discovery by the police of EuropeD. the person living in tztal Alps for a long time67. After the examination of the Iceman, scientists believe that _.A. he died at an early ageB. he made a fire-starting kitC. he had a higher social statusD. he was born at a village in Italy68. According to Klaus Oeggl, the Iceman died from_.A. a serious diseaseB. a snow disasterC. a religious faithD. a terrible murder 69. What is the passage mainly talking about?A. The life of ancient people in the AlpsMountains.B. The cruel religious life of the Europeans in the past.C. The discovery andpossiblecause of death of the Iceman.D. The application of carbon dating technology to the Iceman.(B)Cambridge Schools Conference 2015 - book your place todayInspiring teachers, inspiring learners: How we prepare learners for a lifetime of learning.Dear ColleagueThe Cambridge Schools Conference is taking place in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 3-5 Jan 2015. Booking for the conference closes on 24December 2014, book now to secure your place.Feedback from schools that attended our recent conference in Cambridge includes:“Outstanding keynote presentation by Guy Claxton”Roland Ebiye-Koripamo, Cita International School“A Cambridge Conference shoots up the expectation level of the representativesand when it not just reaches that level but surpasses it with excellence, you define it as the Cambridge Schools Conference, 2015!”SeemaAnis, Al Waha International School, Jeddah “I have met so many interesting people. Having the opportunity to meet educators from all over the world is a unique experience.”Luciana Fernandez, ESSARP, ArgentinaThe conference brings together a community of teachers representing schools from many different countries and contexts, to consider approaches to common challenges. Our programme is designed to support professional learning by offering a range of perspectives on the conference theme. Discuss and debate these in our panel sessions (小组会议) and explore their implications in group discussions and workshops.We look forward to welcoming you to Colombo.Events TeamCambridge International ExaminationsFollow CIE_Education for news and information about the conference. Use the hashtag#csconf15 to join the conversation.Forward to a friend|Unsubscribe 2014 Cambridge International Examinations70. The theme of the Cambridge Schools Conference 2015 is about _.A. lifelong learningB. teaching approachesC. common challengesD. inspiring teachers71. The letter is most probably for those who _. A. are the members of CIEB. work in education institutesC. givefeedback to the conferenceD. can offer a range of perspectives72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The conference closes on 24December 2014.B. The conferenceis held in University of Cambridge.D. The conference encourages various views on lifelong learning.C. The conference provides the most effective approaches on lifelong learning.(C)Big trees are incredibly important ecologically. For a start, they provide food for countless other species and shelter for many animals. With their tall branches in the sun, they capture vast amounts of energy. This allows them to produce massive crops of fruit and flowers that sustain much of the animal life in the forest.Only a small number of tree species have the genetic abilityto grow really big. The biggest are native to North America, but big trees grow all over the globe, from the tropics to the forests of the high latitudes(纬度). To achieve giant size, a tree needs three things: the right place to establish its seedling, good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult death rate. Lose any of these, and you will lose your biggest trees.In some parts of the world, populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot survive. In southern India, for instance, an aggressive non-native bush, Lantana camara, is invading the floor of many forests. Lantana grows so thickly that young trees often fail to take root. With no young trees to replace them, it is only a matter of time before most of the big trees disappear. Without the right growing conditions, trees cannot get really bigand there is some evidence to suggest tree growth could slow in a warmer world, particularly in environments that are already warm. Having worked for decades at La Selva Biological Station in Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica, David and Deborah Clark and colleagues have shown that tree growth there declines markedly in warmer years. “During the day, their growth shuts down when it gets too warm, and at night they consume more energy because theirmetabolic(新陈代谢的) rate increases,” explains David Clark. With less energy produced in warmer years and more being consumed just to survive, there is even less energy available for growth.The Clarks theory, if correct, means tropical forests would shrink over time.The largest, oldest trees would progressively die off and tend not to be replaced. According to the Clarks, this might cause a destabilization of the climate; as older trees die, forests would release some of their stored carbon into the atmosphere, causing a cycle of further warming, forest shrinkage and carbon emissions.Besides, big trees face threats from elsewhere. 73. According to the passage, big trees make great contributions to theecosystem because _.A. they can capture large amounts of energyB. they determine the change of global climateC. they provide the essentials for many creaturesD. they can avoid a new cycle of further warming74. All the following factors are a must for making big treesEXCEPT _.A. no deadly damageB. genetic contribution C. ideal environmentfor growthD. high-latitude location75. The word “dwindling” (paragraph3) is closest in meaning to “_”.A. explodingB. growingC. changingD. declining76. What is the best title of the passage?A. Big trees in trouble.B. Advantages of big trees.C. Results of big trees disappearing.D. Importanceof big trees to humans.77. What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraph?A. More threats to the existence of big tress.B. The effect of human activities on big trees.C. Benefits of big trees to the whole atmosphere.D. Comparison between common trees and big ones.Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Different people may find that different learning methods work best for them. While some would turn to tutoring in order to get better grades, others choose to join study groups. In fact, many universities encourage their students to form study groups and make good use of them. “Two heads are better than one.” Thats the simple idea behind study groups. By participating in a study group, students can benefit from some of their best academic resources: other students. They get to pick each others brains and improve their own understanding of different problems. Moreover, study groups can create the slightly tense atmosphere in which its good to study. For example, some students tend to procrastinate (拖延) when they are studying by themselves; however, by joining a study group, they get to observe their peers who are working diligently and are likely to thus have motivation for working harder. Study groups work best when they are small, but not too smallfour to five participants is about right. And its necessary to make sure everyone has the same goal, to prepare for a particular test, to discuss class readings or to review the weeks lecture notes. Besides, socializing in the group would make studying more fun as long as it took up only a small portion of group study time. In addition, to maximize the efficiency, some study groups like to assign members certain roles, and thus efficiency will be promoted. Besides an organizer, who gets group members to agree to a common purpose and a convenient time and place, there often is a group member playing the role of a source-seeker, whose duty is to remind group members to identify their sources. For instance, when a group member says “I read somewhere that . ,” the source-seeker should ask for specifics. This person reminds the group that its important to know who said what and where it was said. And a gatekeeper, who tries to make sure that all group members are participating, may ask a direct question to help a shy person participate, or find a way to get a dominating member to listen.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)78. Man
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