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专题十五主旨大意主旨大意1.仔细审题,看好范围。要先搞清楚是问某一段段意还是全文的中心思想。2.迅速浏览全段或全文。在阅读中,要利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置,比如在for example,first,second等之前的句子中或在all in all,above all之后的句子中寻找并确定。主旨大意题一般涉及概括文章主旨、段落大意和选择文章标题等形式。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题,属于能力型题目。要做好主旨大意题,应做到:3.关注全文或段落的首句和尾句。文章或段落的首句和末句常常是主旨要义的体现,段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句;作者有意识地反复强调的观点通常是文章的主旨;首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨;同时还要注意那些提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等。4.进行分析概括,准确找出主旨要义。对于主题隐含的段落,要先弄清问题的意思,然后快速通读文章,逐项排除,最终确定答案。5.所选标题要与文章主旨吻合一致。标题的选择要避免三种错误:以偏概全(表现为部分代替整体);概括过度(表现为人为扩大范围);以文章中的某个事实或细节代替高度概括的主旨大意。武汉大学张珂试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 1(2017全国,C)Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance,and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations,though,in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz,Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz,make the music more accessible,and preserve its history and culture.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan.“What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually color,and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Last year,Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party,“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran.“For me,its the recontextualization.In music,where does the emotion(情感) lie?Are we,as humans,gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran,“so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”【语篇解读】近来,联合国教科文组织把4月30日定为国际爵士乐日。一些世界上最著名的音乐家聚集在巴黎和新奥尔良以庆祝第一届国际爵士乐日。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?A.To remember the birth of jazz.B.To protect cultural diversity.C.To encourage people to study music.D.To recognize the value of jazz.【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。从文章第一段的“UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance,and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures.”可知,联合国教科文组织把4月30日定为国际爵士乐日,其目的是提高人们对爵士乐价值和意义的认可。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Jazz becoming more accessible.B.The production of jazz growing faster.C.Jazz being less popular with the young.D.The jazz audience becoming larger.【答案】 C【解析】 词义猜测题。从文章第二段的“.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”可知,在美国,爵士乐未能获得年轻一代的青睐。这正是Jason Moran试图改变的地方。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?A.It will disappear gradually.B.It remains black and white.C.It should keep up with the times.D.It changes every 50 years.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。从文章倒数第二段的“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world works is not the same.”可知,Jason Moran指出,今天的爵士乐不能再以1908年或1958年那种方式呈现了。它必须进行改变,以跟上时代的步伐。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Exploring the Future of JazzB.The Rise and Fall of JazzC.The Story of a Jazz MusicianD.Celebrating the Jazz Day【答案】 A【解析】 主旨大意题。本文以第一届国际爵士乐日的设立引入话题,探讨了爵士乐的现状以及未来。希望更多人尤其是年轻人关注爵士乐。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 2(2017全国,C)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle named the Transition has two seats,four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month,can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground,it gets 35 miles per gallon.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale,and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways.Its expected to cost $279,000.And it wont help if youre stuck in traffic.The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s,according to Robert Mann,an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft,which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes.Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition,a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.【语篇解读】本文介绍了一种新型飞行汽车。从汽车的配置,到汽车的性能,研发状况,政府的态度以及对飞行员的要求等都做了介绍。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The basic data of the Transition.B.The advantages of flying cars.C.The potential market for flying cars.D.The designers of the Transition.【答案】 A【解析】 主旨大意题。第一段主要介绍了飞行汽车the Transition 的座位、轮子、可折叠的机翼、飞行的速度、燃油状况等基本的数据,因此A项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A.It causes traffic jams.B.It is difficult to operate.C.It is very expensive.D.It burns too much fuel.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways.Its expected to cost $279,000.”可知,飞行汽车the Transition价格昂贵,买家不多,路上少见。因此C项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What is the governments attitude to the development of the flying car?A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.【答案】 B【解析】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.”可知,政府对此项目给予支持,持赞同的态度,故B项正确。cautious“谨慎的”;favorable “赞同的”;ambiguous“模棱两可的”;disapproving“不赞同的”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.What is the best title for the text?A.Flying Car at Auto ShowB.The Transitions First FlightC.Pilots Dream Coming TrueD.Flying Car Closer to Reality【答案】 D【解析】 主旨大意题。第一段介绍了这种飞行汽车完成了第一次试飞;第二段介绍已经有大约100人交了购买定金;第三段提到了政府对此的支持;第四段介绍了让飞机投入使用的改良办法以及对飞行员的要求等。纵观全文,这种飞行汽车投入使用的可能性越来越大,因此D项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 3(2017全国,D)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people,leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe,the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools,night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.Phil Blythe explains:“For many older people,particularly those living alone or in the country,driving is important for preserving their independence,giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills.The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr Amy Guo,the leading researcher on the older driver study,explains:“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练“For example,most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly,we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍纽卡斯尔大学智能交通研发团队对一款电动汽车进行实验,以发现老年司机驾驶汽车的难题并加以解决,以便他们在路上更安全行驶。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?A.To explore new means of transport.B.To design new types of cars.C.To find out older drivers problems.D.To teach people traffic rules.【答案】 C【解析】 细节理解题。从第一段“.a mobile laboratory named DriveLAB in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.”可知,DriveLAB的目的在于发现老年司机驾驶汽车所面临的问题。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A.It keeps them independent.B.It helps them save time.C.It builds up their strength.D.It cures their mental illnesses.【答案】 A【解析】 细节理解题。从第四段第二句“.driving is important for preserving their independence,giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”可知,在Phil Blythe看来,驾驶汽车对于老年人之所以重要,是因为驾驶能让他们保持独立。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A.Improve their driving skills.B.Develop driver-assist technologies.C.Provide tips on repairing their cars.D.Organize regular physical checkups.【答案】 B【解析】 细节理解题。从第六段“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.”可知,研究者们想为老年司机研制一种辅助驾驶的技术。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.What is the best title for the text?A.A New Model Electric CarB.A Solution to Traffic ProblemsC.Driving Services for EldersD.Keeping Older Drivers on the Road【答案】 D【解析】 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是首尾两段可知,本文主要介绍纽卡斯尔大学智能交通研发团队对一款电动汽车进行实验,以发现老年司机驾驶汽车的难题并加以解决,以便他们在路上更安全行驶。故选D项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 4(2016江苏,B)Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have little instinct(本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children,who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory,chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or,with no greater effort,a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage,he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Human children,on the other hand,are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages,they desire to help others,to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的) skills,at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello,the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that,even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”,a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。在某些情况下,如保卫领地的战争中,黑猩猩会相互合作。但实际上,它们是一种自私的动物,没有相互帮助的本能。新的研究发现,小孩子与黑猩猩不同,他们天生具有帮助他人的本能和分享意识。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?A.Chimps seldom care about others interests.B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C.Chimps like to take in their neighbors food.D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.【答案】 A【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段的“chimps dont naturally share food either”以及“he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.”可知,黑猩猩天生不会共享食物,它从不关心邻居同伴的饥饱和利益。故选A项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they . A.have the instinct to help othersB.know how to offer help to adultsC.know the world better than chimpsD.trust adults with their hands full【答案】 A【解析】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands.try to help”可知,Michael发现,18个月大的婴儿看见一个和自己毫不相干的人双手拿着东西去开门时,他们会马上去帮忙。这个实验表明,小孩子有帮助他人的本能。故选A项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.The passage is mainly about .A.the helping behaviors of young childrenB.ways to train childrens shared intentionalityC.cooperation as a distinctive human natureD.the development of intelligence in children【答案】 C【解析】 主旨大意题。文章通过实验表明,帮助他人和相互合作是人的本性,而非后天习得的。选项A:小孩子的助人为乐行为只是Michael实验的一部分,以此来得出结论;选项B:培养孩子的分享意识的方法和选项D:孩子的智力发展在文中都没有提及。故选C项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 5(2016全国,D)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures,silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in authority.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。主要说明沉默的含义由于文化的不同而不同,并具体说明在不同的国家沉默的含义和作用。1.What does the author say about silence in conversations?A.It implies anger.B.It promotes friendship.C.It is culture-specific.D.It is content-based.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句内容可推断出,在谈话过程中的沉默通常与文化密切相关,具有文化特异性。2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A.The Chinese.B.The French.C.The Mexicans.D.The Russians.【答案】 A【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知,中国人与很多美国人一样,认为沉默是交流过程中的基本构成部分,谈话中出现沉默通常暗示听者需要仔细考虑。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.B.Break it while treating patients.C.Evaluate its harm to patients.D.Make use of its healing effects.【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句内容可知,作者建议护士们充分利用沉默的治愈价值来帮助护理病人 。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold【答案】 B【解析】 主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要说明沉默具有文化特异性,在不同的文化中,沉默表达的含义和作用各不相同。因此B项最具概括性。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 6(2016全国,D)Bad news sells.If it bleeds,it leads.No news is good news,and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways,researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts,scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger,a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling.But when you share a story with your friends,you care a lot more how they react.You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails,Web posts and reviews,face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的),but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things?To test for that possibility,Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories:thousands of articles on The New York Times website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles.He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny,or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety,but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激发)one way or the other,and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article,the more likely it was to be shared,as Dr.Berger explains in his new book,“Contagious:Why Things Catch On.” 【语篇解读】 本文为议论文。俗话说,好事不出门,坏事传千里。但是研究者们通过跟踪和监控人们的电子邮件、网络帖子及评论、面对面会话等发现,人与人之间更多分享的是那些给人们带来积极情绪的好消息,而不是导致消极情绪的坏消息。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A.News reports.B.Research papers.C.Private e-mails.D.Daily conversations.【答案】 A【解析】 细节理解题。由第一段前四句可知,这些经典的规则主要应用于evening broadcasts和morning papers,由此推出,这些规则常用于新闻报道中。故选A项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A.Theyre socially inactive.B.Theyre good at telling stories.C.Theyre inconsiderate of others.D.Theyre careful with their words.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。由
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