资源描述
Chapter1isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(V)firstdrewtheattentionofthelinguisticsweretherulesusedinlanguage.(x)Whatfirsttheattentionofthelinguisticswerethesoundsusedinlanguage.3Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsarephonetics,phonedogy,psycholinguistics,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatic,sociolinguistics,andappliedlinguistics.(V)linguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonetics.(x)Aslinguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.studyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptiveandmodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.(V)descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisadiachronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisasynchronic.(x)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisadiachronic.andparolearerelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.(x)Langueandparolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.definecompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.(V)linguisticsregardsthewrittenasprimary.(x)Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary.isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(V)isarbitrary,thismeansthatthereislogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(x)Languagisarbitrary,thismeansthatthereisnotlogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.featurearearbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmission.(V)isarbitrarybynature,anditisentirelyarbitrary.(x)Languageisarbitrarybynature,anditisnotentirelyarbitrary.isuniquetohumanlanguage.(isasystem,whichconsistsofthreesetsofstructures,orthreelevels.(x)Languagieasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,orthreelevels.mainfunctionsoflanguageare:thedescriptivefunction,theexpressive,andthesocialfunction.(V)cannotbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(x)Languagnbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.18.whatcannotIdoforyou,girlThissentenceillustratestheexpressivefunctionoflanguage.(x)whacannotIdoforyou,girlThissentenceillustratesthesocialfunctionoflanguage.EnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,butarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisindicatesculturaltransmissionfeatureoflanguage.(V)20Theideationalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.(x)Thinterpersonalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.Chapter2andwritingarethetwomediaordersubstancesusedbynaturallanguageasvehicleforcommunication.(V)isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithapartofthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguage.(x)Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguage.branchesofphoneticsarearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics,andacousticsphonetics.(V)similarly,phoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.(x)Phoneticsimilarly,notphoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.thevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless.(V)speechorganlocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,theuvula，thesoftpalate(thevelum)，thehardpalate,theteethridge(thealveolus),theteethandthelips.(V)waystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.(为Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.thecaseofsport，thepsoundissaidtobeunaspirated，andinthecaseofspeed，thepsoundissaidtobeaspirated.(为Inthecaseofsport,thepsoundissaidtobeaspirated,andinthecaseofspeed，thepsoundissaidtobeunaspirated.consonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways：oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.(-V)termsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricativesaffricatesliquidsnasals、andbilabial.(X)IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、andglides.termsofplaceofarticulation，theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintoseventypes：bilabiallabiodentaldental、alveolarpalatalvelar、andglottal.maybedistinguishedasfront，central，andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldlowest.(x)Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontentral,andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.13、 Weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups：closevowels，semi-closevowels，semi-openvowels，andopenvowels.(vf14、 InEnglish，allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowels，withoutroundingthelips,andallthebackvowelsarerounded.(*alinhengoshvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowelswithoutthea:，withoutroundingthelips，andallthebackvowelsarerounded.mainsupranationalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.Stresscontainswordstressandsentencestress.(V)arefourtones.Thefirsttoneislevel,thesecondrise,thethirdfall-rise,andthefourthfall.(V)17、 Heisdrivingmycar,thewordsthatarenormallyunstressed.,car,canallbearthestresstoexpresswhatthespeakerintendstomean.(x)Heisdrivingmycar,thewordsthatarenormallyunstressed.,my,canallbearthestresstoexpresswhatthespeakerintendstomean.locationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.(V)A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it i19Whenspokenindifferentintonation,thesamesequenceofwordmayhavedifferentmeanings.(x)Whspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordmayhavedifferentmeanings.phonemeisaphonologicalunit,itisanconcreteunit.(anabstractunit.Chapter31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsconsistofthegrammaticalandfunctionalwords.(V)2. LinguisisusethetermmorphlolgytorefertothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordandwordstructuredV)definethewordasthesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.(V)4. Thepluralmarking-sisafreeform.(Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeform5. Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.(V)6. ThewordREADERconsistsoftwomorphemes:readand-er.(V)7. TheEnglishpluralandpossessivemorphemsmaybesaidtoshareasinglemorph,thesuffix/-s/.(V)8. Amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledaboundmorpheme,whereasamorpheme)A morpheme which can be a wordthatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisafreemorpheme.(byitselfiscalledafreemorpheme,whereasamorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisaboundmorpheme.9. STEMisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.(V)10. AFFIXisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).(V)11. Therootconstitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.(12. Unlikeroots,affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysfreemorphemes.(Unlikeroots,affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysboundmorphemes.13. Amorphemecanbedefinedasaminimalunitofmeaning.(V)14. -en,-ate,and-icarethuscalledderivationalmorphemes.(V)morphemeBOYisfreemorphemesinceitcanbeusedasawordonitsown;theplural-s,ontheotherhand,isbound.(V)16. Itisnotalwayspossibletoassignalexicalmeaningtosomeofthemorphemes.(17. CompoundingisaverycommonandfrequentlyprocessforenlargingthevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguage.(V)18. Morphemesmayhavedifferentforms.(V)19. Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeformsinceitneveroccursinisolationandcannotbeseparatedfromthenountowhichitbelongs.(V)isimportanttonotethatamorphemeisneitherameaningnorastretchofsoundjoinedtogether.(V)Chapter 4referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfullfillthedifferentfunctiongsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseorderaverb.(x)Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfullfillthesameorsimilarfunctiongsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseorderaverb.isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.(thatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:headandspecifier.(x)Phrasesareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.specialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.(V)unitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledsentences.(x)Syntacticunit?arebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.specialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphrasestructurerule.(V)wordsontherightsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.(x)Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.lexicalcategoriesareNon,verb,AdjevtiveandPreposition.(XP rules =(specifier )x (complementsV)lexicalcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentence.(x)Majorlexicalcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentenceformation.mostcentralcategoriestothesyntheticstudyaretheword-levelcategories.(totheXPrules,theauxiliaryisthetailofasentencewhichtakesavpcategoryasitscomplementontherightandanvp,thesubject,asitsspecifierontheleft.(x)AccordingXPrules,theauxiliaryistheheadofasentencewhichtakesavpcategoryasitscomplementontherightandanvp,thesubject,asitsspecifierontheright.wordsaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.(V)whichincludethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizers.(V)constructioninwhichthephraseisembeddedacomplementiscalledmatrixclause.(x)Theconstructioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddedacomplementiscalledmatrixclause.classificationreflectsavarietyoffactors,includingthetypeofmeaningthatwordsexpress,thetypeofaffixesthattheytake,andthetypeofstructuresinwhichtheycanoccur.(Chapter 5semantictriangle，therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect，anditismediatedbyconcept.(V)relationshipof“flowerviolet,”roseandtulipishyponymy.(V)3.Areferringexpressioncanbeusedtorefertononexistentthings.(V)studiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.(V)termsoftruthcondition,ifXistrue,Yisfalse,andifXisfalse,Yistrue.Therelationship6.boughtsomeroses“entails“Iboughtsomeflowers.7.ThenamingtheorywasproposedbytheGreekscholarPlato.(V)toBehavioristlearningtheory,childrenarebelievedtograduallyassumecorrectformsofthelanguageoftheircommunitywhentheir“bad”speechgetscorrectedandwhentheirgoodspeechgetspositivelyreinforced.(V)contextualistviewofmeaningisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontext.(V)termantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonymy.(V)canbedefinedasthestudyofnaming.(x)Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.thenotionofmeaningwastakenintoconsideration，semanticsspilledintopragmatics.(x)Oncethenotionofcontextwastakenintoconsiderationsemanticsspilledintopragmatics.tosemantictriangle，thereisadirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent，.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.(x)Accordirtgsemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent，.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.aredividedintothreekinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(x)Antonymsaredividedintothreekinds:gragable,relational,complementary.meaningofthewordblackconsistsinthetwocollocationalofblackhairandblackcoffee.(areidenticalinsoundandspellingbutnearlyalikeorexacylythesameinmeaning.(x)differentinsoundandspellingbutnearlyalikeorexacylythesameinmeaning.ishelplessinbothreceptiveandproductiveprocessingoflanguage.(x)Hyponymsishelpfulinbothreceptiveandproductiveprocessingoflanguage.19.CandrbowyourbikeissynonymouswithYouhaveabike.(x)”CanIborrowyourbikepresupposesYouhaveabike.analysiscanhelpexplainthesenserelationsofwords.(x)Componentialanalysiscannothelpexplainthesenserelationsofwords.
展开阅读全文