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sentencesheisunfriendlywordsun-friend-lymorphemesA MORPHEME is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. (Liu, 2006, p52)Root is the part of a word that is left when all the affixes are removed.friends friendships 1) A simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, then the root and the stem are the same2) A root plus a derivational affix3) Two or more rootsworksstem & rootworkersrootstemworkshopsrootrootstemmorphemefreelexicalfunctionalboundderivationalinflectionalfreelexicalnouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.functionalconjunctions, articles, prepositions, pronounsboundderivationalUsed to make new words and words of a different grammatical category from the stem (careful, movement)inflectionalShow aspects of the grammatical function of a word (writing, writes, wrote, written)In English, all inflectional morphemes (8 together) listed here are suffixes:noun +-s, -sw o r k e r s , workers, workersverb +-s, -ing, -ed, enworks, working, worked,has workedadjective +-er, -estlater, latestFrom: Liu, 2006, p55word formation compoundderivationcompoundendocentric (verbal/synthetic)向心复合词向心复合词exocentric离心复合词离心复合词doghousedoghousedoghouseheadmodifierdoghouse“a house intended for a dog”white-collar a kind of collar a white thing a “must-have” is not a verb but a nouna metaphor for socioeconomic statusshows a relationship between roots & affixesLiu, 2006, p56Orthographic formPhonological formmeaning meanings-zmap maps-swatchwatches-zmousemice-afootfeeti:oxoxen-ndeerdeer (zero change)-sthe morpheme of plurality-z -s -z -a i: i: -n the allomorphs of-s : Initialisms are pronounced by spelling out the letters one-by-one. Borrowing loanwords Both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight changeloanblendPart of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowedloanshiftThe meaning is borrowed, but the form is nativeloan translationEach morpheme or word is translated in the equivalent one in another language
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