园林专业外文文献园林061

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文 文献题目：Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 文献来源：期刊文献发表日期：2008.10.25 院 （部）： 艺术学院专 业： 园林班 级： 园林061姓 名： 张峻涛学 号： 2006061324指导教师： 鲁敏教授翻译日期： 2010.6.9山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 1 Introduction The new century came in the end, turn of the century, a century or even millennium replace actually replaced in a flash, in this moment, the United States Modern Landscape Architecture profession has gone through an extraordinary century.In the passing away of hundred years, the United States the emergence of modern landscape architecture and development to guide the direction of modern landscape architecture, and covers almost all of the exploration.Therefore, we hope that through their review and thinking, can and enlightenment. 2 Development Industrial revolution has brought about tremendous and far-reaching changes to the 19th century, known as the father of American landscape architecture of the FL Olmsted and Vaux designed by British architect, New Yorks Central Park (1858) the construction, marking the ordinaryliving landscape to come.As a starting point, the landscape architecture from the path of independence, and with modern American society and the democratic process, moving from a very small selection of traditional professional into the world of human life for almost all the scales involved in the subject; in the shortshort bar for more than a century, the landscape of human experience in several dimensions greatly expanded.2.1 The expansion of the field of professional practice And ideal as a symbol of a series of city parks (1865 Thurmond Philadelphia Park, Jinshan Park, 1870 San Francisco, Chicago, 1871 South Park, etc.) and the beginning of modern landscape architecture practice, such as a pioneer in the Olmsteadinitiative, adhere to the whole land from the city and the perspective of the modern landscape architecture professional practice areas of the start location; including urban parks and green space systems, urban and rural landscape road system, residential areas, schools, real estate development and national parksplanning and design management in the broad field.With the social development and understanding of human nature continues to expand, the practice of landscape architecture and further extend to the entire field of human settlements conditions.Modern Landscape Architecture in Perspective increasingly clear that completely changed the concept of practice, of course, the traditional small-scale private gardens and garden design continue, and ecology, such as land planning, landscape protection and planning, investigation and assessment of land resources and landscape protectionmanagement of these professional practice to make the landscape architecture in a more general level and more public scale operation.Today, as a human society gradually away from the natural environment to answer, landscape architecture, construction yard will no longer be enlarged version, but a practical subject, covering almost 10,000 people and the natural environment aspects of the relationship between the practice of subject area, itstheoretical methods and social responsibility also will expand and change.2.2 clients and professional practitioners to expand American Modern Landscape Architecture from the Central Park, the already small number of people is no longer a luxury for admiration, but the general public space for physical and mental regeneration.Landscape into the lives of ordinary people, to meet the aspirations of ordinary people, it should be said that it was given to modern society and democracy.Modern landscape architecture enables modern landscape architecture, social life with real roots, with continuous vitality and dynamism.With human beings the process of industrialization and urbanization make the deteriorating natural environment, the survival and continuation of human beings also under threat.To environmental issues in contemporary society to highlight the status of the point of view, the modern landscape architecture services is no longer limited to a group of man-made object, but as a human interdependence with other species with itself has a multi-cultural existence of natural systemsin part, to expand the vision of modern landscape architecture to the cultural circle of the entire human interaction with the natural biosphere and sustainable development. Broad areas of professional practice to make the necessary professional knowledge landscape architects increasingly present a comprehensive and integrated features.Today, many landscape architects will be required for landscape architecture practice, extensive knowledge and feel a bit embarrassed.Correspondingly, with a variety of different professional backgrounds to participate in the practice of landscape architecture to, of which both traditional gardener, there are architects, urban planners, botanists, geographers, environmental and even painters and artistssculptor.They have their own unique knowledge and the professional advantages of modern landscape architecture makes the richness of the multi-scene, to explore a variety of professional landscape architecture in modern science and art both in deepening and expand the experience of landscape architectural design and methods.2.3 design elements and design practices to expand Was used as a multi-purpose practice professional, modern landscape design palette of material also extends to traditional landscape design can not imagine the situation.Landscape Design Plant is no longer the dominant element of the dominant, but rather an alternative landscape materials, land, rocks, water, concrete, bricks, wood, tile, steel, plastic and glass and many naturalartificial material in the modern landscape design can be used, even the local hardware store in a form element plated frog also appears in the modern landscape works.Avant-garde in the small-scale urban garden design, almost no natural landscape materials greatly challenges the traditional definition of the limitations of the landscape. Landscape design materials with rich phase reflect the diversity of modern landscape design practices, from large-scale landscape planning and design of the SAD (Survey - Analysis - Design), highway planning and conservation planning projects in the Qian Cengbing modeand patch - corridor - matrix model to the modern minimalist garden courtyard design, many rational functionalism, ecology, and art design techniques and the environment beyond the traditional rules of style and design techniques of naturalThe debate, the scope and scale to adapt to a variety of landscape design practice, to meet different design requirements, and created a different landscape image. 3 Evolution As the landscape is a living, changing organism, like the growth of the modern landscape architecture in the past more than a century as the development of American society as changing, reflecting the social reality of a particular time.3.1 naturalistic style swing beginning with The vast territory the United States, changing the natural landscape to landscape design has almost natural pursuit of naturalism, Olmsted and his followers in a city park system planning and design to promote naturalism, against the pursuit of dignity andclear structure of classicism.Park-style attractions and beautiful natural environment was poor cities in stark contrast to a return to nature to meet the needs of society.However, after the U.S. landscape architecture through the flashy veneer of The Late Victorian Eclectic Landscape, City Beautiful Movement and the revival of classical neo-classical trends and so transform the style of decades and did not get out swinging in the modern society to adapttheir own way.3.2 Modernism Before and after World War II, modern art and modern architecture in theory and works under the influence of American modernist landscape architecture in the so-called Harvard Revolution after forming.Modernist landscape architecture is not the most positive contribution to the use of new materials, but that function should be the starting point of this concept design, modern landscape architecture and thus out of a beautiful design or landscape type Transcendentalism, to the venue and the reality of the times fit, given the rational application of landscape architecture and greater creative freedom.As Harvard Revolution James Rose said: We can not live in the painting, but as a group to design the landscape paintings of our daily lives plundering the regions use of the opportunity.He is most concerned about the use of space, rather than planning the landscape design or so-called order. The leaders of Thomas Church, California school works is not really encouraging the order form, but free design language as well asdesign itself, the venues and the delicate balance between employer requirements. Another master Garrett Eckbo Modern Landscape Design Landscape design is more emphasis on the social scale, emphasizing landscape architectures role in public life. In his view, If the designonly consider beautiful, is the lack of inherent rationality of the luxury community. geometric sense of order most of his works of Dan Kiley also that the mapping design is life itself, the pursuit of the function will produce real art. the best symbol of thisa period of landscape design and environmental care for the landscape architect is Lawrence Halprin, his work reflects the progress of modernism in all aspects of landscape architecture, including the design of the social role of natural systems to adapt to stress, as well as function and process of the formits importance and so on. Hes a natural place as a dramatic landscape inspired urban planning of public landscape design, urban landscape is not only beautiful but also recreational place for people to become the citys open space human. 60 years since the 20th century, social democracy, brought about the promotion of public participation in decision-making system changes in all aspects of American society, landscape architecture is also true, but Harpring is a direct supporter of this change and advocates, areHarpring made his company is the design process to adapt to new social realities, through seminars and information feedback, etc. to achieve the wishes of the public involved in the design so that the community was able to landscape design set-up. modern doctrine of the community through landscape architecture designfactors and features to further stress and social realities embarked on the road simultaneously.3.3 Ecological Ethics 70 years before, increasingly concerned about the ecological environment, landscape architecture, University of Pennsylvania Professor Lan McHarg proposed to include landscape as a geology, topography, hydrology, land use, plants, wildlife and climate and other decisive factors interrelated whole to look atpoint of view.Stressed the landscape plan should comply with the intrinsic value of nature and natural processes, and improved in order to factor stratified analysis and map overlay technology as the core of the Ecological Planning, Macharg called Qian Cengbing model.The theory and method of landscape architecture to a certain extent given the scientific nature of the landscape as you can experience all kinds of objective analysis and conclusion, with clearly defined subjects.Macharg scope of the study focused on large-scale landscape and environmental planning, but for any scale of landscape architecture practice, this meant that an important message.That is in addition to an aesthetic landscape outside the system or an ecosystem, and those are just the art of the arrangement of plants and landscape design methods, more detailed design is the concept of environmental ethics.Although the landscape architectural practice in a pluralistic exploration, the natural determinism of the ideas are only one kind of assumptions Ji, but vulnerable when the critical state of the environment when there Macharg and Pennsylvania School of the most significant yes Cujinlandscape architecture as the ideological foundation of the professional work of the new criteria, the broad information landscape designers the potential structure of thinking laid an indelible mark.For the modernist landscape architects, the concept of eco-ethics to tell them, in addition to social ties between people, all people are born with the Earths ecological systems closely associated with.3.4 Post-modernism and the art of landscape to explore When large-scale ecological landscape planning and rational method of turning at the same time, small-scale landscape architectural design by 60 environmental art since noon, and postmodern film incentives, art and landscape linkages have done a lot of new exploration.A new generation of landscape architect Peter Walker combines minimalism, classical and modernist minimalism to create a unique landscape.Full of mystery in his landscape design work, Walker used a simple form, repetition, geometric structure of the natural materials from the material in a natural structure of the original million-style together, bringing a new structureproduced new means of visual integrated experience.Mystery of general features of nature, human contact with nature has a mysterious atmosphere by a metaphor out of the art scene, landscape architecture in the function and esthetics were given on the basis of meaningful artistic temperament.And Martha Schwartz Landscape Design works are denied the authenticity of the material, instead of a serious banter.Complex instead of simple, modernist landscape of dull and discard the reason was the designer.Designers to express artistic ideas and new understanding of the landscape: the landscape is a man-made or artificial modification of the set of the space, which is the basis and background of public life, is related to art and life.Post-modernist novel materials with almost eerie and staggered hybrid system reflects the composition of post-modern American society complex and contradictory social reality to the image of diverse social values embodied multi-source, expressed in this complex society tovulnerable groups, speech power of the social ideals of postmodernism.In the performance style, these active experiments with neo-classical 19th century landscape architecture are similar, the same inspiration for the visual arts, also emphasized the use of circular geometry rather than the so-called naturalistic style.But here, the individual imagination combines the functions of caring modernist sound art to think about the social elements of the modern landscape as a creative opportunity, rather than constraints, and create a unique landscape art in the role of the environment re-established and deepenedBut this time the art is designed to encourage, rather than a priori form of domination. 4 Conclusion After a century in both the arts and sciences extension and development of modern American landscape architecture has its own characteristics in their social and ecological scale and traditional garden set aside the watershed, in the constant expansion and change has becomethe values of a diverse multi-professional practice.However, the nature of human perception of the media, three potential concern for landscape architecture - aesthetic, environmental and social, in the United States in the development of modern landscape architecture, and not weakened over time, on the contrary, emphasized the human landscapeharmony with nature, emphasizing social justice embodied in the landscape, emphasizing the spiritual landscape in the joy of the people want more and more clear as the cornerstone of which constitute its value system.From small scale to large garden courtyard and street-scale national parks, the care of their value in practice may be different emphasis, but each design is a good balance of these three values and comprehensive, not just design-orienteda simple form or function to meet.Today, as Chinas economic development, our city building and landscape design and practice into a high-speed development period, but the competent departments of landscape architecture education, integrated with the mess and ignored the separation of landscape architectural practice so that we kaleidoscopereality that can not be sure what we are or how we should call ourselves architects, landscape architects, environmental designers?Shallow emerging formalized, the lack of real concern for people and the environment arbitrary landscape design, landscape architecture, deeply reflects the value of our concern for poor and pale, in our landscape architecture are still full of confusion and chaos whenU.S. founder of modern landscape architecture, Olmsted, and many American pioneer of modern landscape architecture theme insists - to create sustainable, and his life and just the landscape, and give a clear idea as to imagine thatform, may be able to give us much encouragement and inspiration.The thrust of modern landscape architecture in the United States to pursue a century, may be the same with us into the modern landscape architecture in the next century.中文译文：美国现代景观建筑学发展的回顾与思索 1引言新世纪到底来了，世纪之交，百年替换乃至千年替换其实都在一瞬间，在这一瞬之后，美国现代景观建筑学专业也走过了一个不平凡的世纪。在逝去的百余年里，美国现代景观建筑学的产生与发展引导了现代景观建筑学的走向，并且几乎涵盖了所有的探索。因此我们希望通过对其的回顾和思考，能有所启示和借鉴。 2拓展工业革命给社会带来的变革巨大而深远，到了19世纪，被称为美国景观建筑学之父的F. L. Olmsted和英国建筑师Vaux设计的纽约中央公园(1858年)的建造，标志着普通人生活景观的到来。以此为起点，景观建筑学从此走上独立的道路，并随着美国社会的现代和民主进程，逐渐从传统的极少选择范围的专业变成为几乎涉及人类生活世界所有尺度的学科；在短短扎一个多世纪中，人类的景观体验在几个维度上大大拓展了。2.1专业实践领域的拓展以一系列作为和理想象征的城市公园(1865年费城的费蒙公园、1870年旧金山的金山公园、1871年芝加哥的城南公园等)而开始的现代景观建筑实践，在奥姆斯特德等先驱的倡导下，坚持从城市和国土的整体角度出发，使现代景观建筑学的专业实践范畴一开始便定位；包括城市公园和绿地系统、城乡景观道路系统、居住区、校园、地产开发和国家公园的规划设计管理的广阔领域中。随着社会的发展和人类对自然认识的不断扩大，景观建筑学的实践领域进一步扩展到整个人居环境中。现代视野中景观建筑学逐渐明确的是实践范畴的全然改变，当然传统的小尺度的私人花园和园林设计仍然继续，而诸如大地生态规划、区域景观保护与规划、国土景观资源的调查评价与保护管理这些专业实践使景观建筑学在更为广泛的层面和更为公共的尺度上操作。时至今日，作为人类社会遥渐远离自然的环境回答，景观建筑学绝不再是建筑庭院的放大版本，而是一个实践主题几乎涵盖人与自然环境关系的万方面面的实践学科，其理论方法与社会责任也随之拓展和改变了。2.2服务对象和专业实践者的拓展美国现代景观建筑从中央公园起，就已不再是少数人所赏玩的奢侈品，而是普通公众身心再生的空间。景观走入普通人的生活，满足普通人的渴求，应当说这是现代社会与民主的给予。现代景观建筑的社会化使得现代景观建筑学有了实实在在的生活根基，有了持续不断的生机与活力。而随着人类工业化与城市化的进程使得自然生态环境日益恶化，人类自身的生存和延续也受到威胁。在当代社会给予环境问题以突出地位的视点下，现代景观建筑学不再局限于某一群人为服务对象，而是将人类视作一个与其他物种相依存的、本身有着多种文化存在的自然系统中的一分子，现代景观建筑学的视野拓展到了整个人类文化圈与自然生物圈的相互作用与持续发展上。 专业实践领域的宽泛使景观建筑师所需的专业知识越来越呈现全面与综合的特点。今天，许多景观建筑师都会因为景观建筑实践所需的广泛知识而感到有些困窘。与之相应的是，有着各种不同专业背景的人参与到景观建筑实践中来，这其中既有传统的园艺师，也有建筑师、城市规划师、植物学者、地理学者、环境艺术家乃至画家和雕塑家。他们以各自独特的学识与专业优势使得现代景观建筑呈现出丰富的多元景象，多种专业的探索使现代景观建筑学在科学与艺术两个方面不断深入，拓展了景观建筑设计的经验与方法。2.3设计元素和设计手法的拓展作为一个被应用于多种用途的实践专业，现代景观设计调色板上的素材也扩展到了传统园林设计无法想像的境地。植物不再是景观设计中占统治地位的主导元素，而只是一种可供选择的景观材料，土地、岩石、水、混凝土、砖、木头、瓦、钢、塑料和玻璃等许许多多自然和人工素材在现代景观设计中得以运用，甚至当地五金商店中的镀金青蛙也作为构成元素出现在现代景观作品中。在小尺度的先锋派城市园林设计中，几乎没有自然材料的景观空间极大地挑战了传统景观定义的局限。 与景观设计材料的丰富相辉映的是现代景观设计手法的多样，从大尺度景观规划设计中的SAD(调查-分析-设计)、高速公路规划和自然保护规划项目中的千层饼模式和斑块-廊道-基质模式到现代园林庭院中的极简主义设计，众多理性的、功能主义的、生态主义的和环境艺术的设计手法超越了传统的规则式与自然式设计手法的论争，适应了多种范畴和尺度的景观设计实践，满足了不同的设计需求，创造了各异的景观形象。 3流变正如景观是一个活生生的、生长变化的有机体一样，现代景观建筑在过去的一个多世纪里同样随着美国社会的发展而变化着，反映着特定时刻的社会现实。3.1自然主义的开端与风格的摇摆美国广阔的国土、多变的自然地貌使其景观设计有着几乎天生的自然主义追求，奥姆斯特德及其追随者在一系列城市公园系统的规划设计中就倡导自然主义，反对追求庄严和清晰结构的古典主义。公园优美的自然式景观与当时大城市恶劣的环境形成了鲜明的对比，满足了回归自然的社会需求。然而，之后的美国景观建筑经过浮华虚饰的The Late Victorian Eclectic Landscape、城市美化运动和古典主义复兴的新古典主义等潮流变换，在数十年的风格摇摆中并没有走出与现代社会相适应的自己的道路。3.2现代主义二次大战前后，在现代艺术和现代建筑理论和作品的影响下，美国的现代主义景观建筑在所谓的哈佛革命之后逐渐形成。现代主义对景观建筑学最积极的贡献并不在于新材料的运用，而是认为功能应当是设计的起点这一理念，现代景观建筑从而摆脱了某种美丽的图案或风景画式的先验主义，得以与场地和时代的现实状况相适应，