外文翻译下沉指数最小翘曲、注塑件用热塑性田口优化方法

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 部： 机械工程系 专 业： 机械工程及自动化 姓 名： 学 号： 外文出处： Manufacturing Engineering and TechnologyMachining 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语：该外文翻译语言流畅通顺，较准确完整地翻译了原文，所翻译的文章塑料注塑模具及热塑性优化设计原理与课题发动机箱体加工件工艺设计及夹具设计原理相类似，与毕业设计课题相关联。符合外文翻译的要求，达到了本科毕业外文翻译的水平。 签名： 年 月 日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。附件1：外文资料翻译译文下沉指数最小翘曲、注塑件用热塑性田口优化方法5 金相组织为了分析金相结构、电流密度、温度值,主要是改良。样品分析、横向组额叶组(垂直于沉积)。实现便捷的准备,他们在方便的封装树脂巧言镌刻在不同阶段有硝酸、醋酸混合物。瓶子的进行每隔15,25,40,50收盘后擦拭，为了观察事后在奥林匹斯金相显微镜碲-日常生活330/10以前的照片进行评论本文说是要用来制造炮弹模型作了一个差分快速成型当熔融塑料机械(ABS)的,后来,坚固,逐层贯通。每一层、挤出模具留下的螺纹直径约0.15毫米即横向和纵向的纱线板结inmediately后定居。因此, 它的表面可以观察到薄线标明的道路,然后由组长机。这些线路将作为参考显示重复性水平镍解决。重复性模式将是一个基本要素评估注塑模具基本内容: 表面纹理。该系列测试表1所示： 表1 检验系列系列pH温度()电流密度A/mm214.20.2552.2223.90.2455.5634.00.24510.0044.00.24522.22图3显示系列表面样本后首蚀刻。它显示了差分机原产道路,也就是说,有一个良好的重复性。它仍无法察觉四舍五入粮食结构。在无花果4、2系列之后第二蚀刻、可以观察到的一条线道的方式,较前明显减少。在无花果5 23系列和蚀刻它开始出现了一批粮食结构，虽然很难遏制 这时道路. 另外,最黑暗的地方标明含有蚀刻过程和洗涤条件不足而成。图3 系列1(150)、蚀刻1图4 系列2(300),蚀刻2图5 系列3(300),蚀刻2这一行为表明,工作在低电流密度、高温、炮弹以良好的示范和再现了获得粒度小,即足供所需的应用。如果进行了分析,横向的平面沉积它可以在所有的测试样品和一切条件,存款增长结构是层(图6),什么是差强人意,虽然取得了高机械阻力不惜牺牲低延展性。这是由于质量,首先向在场的添加剂,因为没有洗澡磺酸镍添加剂通常制造纤维和非层结构9。改装直到近空值的润湿剂,使由于层结构保持在任何情况下,决定对此事表明,这种结构的应力消脂(allbrite习得)。在另一方面, 据测试,根据不同层结构层厚度的计算电流密度。图6 机横向系列2 (600),蚀刻2.6 内部讲其中一个主要特征是要有一个空壳为应用是有一个像插入低水平内部讲。不同的测试,在不同电流密度和镀液温度测量系统做了弯落在阴极张力法。钢铁被用来测试与控制等方面的自由和固定(160毫米，长度宽度12.7毫米,厚度0.3毫米)。因为只有在一旁沉积金属检测控制机械应变(拉伸或压应力)允许计算内部讲。根据Stoney模型10申请被假定卧镍厚度不够,影响小(3微米)、在弹性的角度来看,对部分钢铁紧张。在所有案件中最值的测试是内部压力和极端条件下为50兆帕2协会最佳条件,申请所需的可接受值。最后的结论是,electrolitic浴允许在不同的条件和工作参数无明显变化内部讲。7 测试的注塑模具试验已进行各种代表性热塑性材料如聚丙烯、坝、高密度聚乙烯和PC、据分析和性能的零件,如注射大小,重量、抗延性僵化。拉伸力学性能测试和分析,光破坏性试验。约500针进行这一核心,其余条件下经受更多。一般而言,重大分歧都未察觉之间的行为样本的核心,从加工腔,分析了一整套的材料。但是在分析photoelasticiy(图七)据国家之间发现了两种不同张标本基本上是由于在炎热划转、刚度分别塑造蛀牙。这种差异说明延性差异较突出的部分材料,如聚乙烯、清澈坝六。图7 分析光注入标本此案为高密度聚乙烯管在所有分析化验发现它是在一个较低延性标本，所得镍核心,量化30%左右。在这种情况下坝6价值也接近50%。8 结论经过连续的测试和不同的条件已经清查磺酸镍浴、已获准使用添加剂的镍壳获得一些机械性能的要求可以接受申请,注塑模具,也就是说,重复性好,高硬度及良好的机械阻力因而层结构。机械不足的部分将取代镍壳的环氧树脂饰面,塑造核心为注塑,允许注入中型系列塑料零件可接受的质量水平。参 考 资 料1 a.e.w. 景、丙、ESELogicg.r. 贝内特，快速原型电电芯放电加工电极,乃J. 过程. 辨识方法 (2001)110页. 186-196. summaryplus|全文+通|以PDF(771十一)2 p.k.d.v. yarlagadda、腹腔 Ilyas和Pchrstodoulou、快速模具开发板材、立体画用镍电平版进程 J停留. 过程. 辨识方法 (2001)111页. 286-294. summaryplus|全文+通|以PDF(740十一)3 J哈特、甲沃森、电:基本上不获认可,而是扩大了至关重要业interfinish96、14届世界大会,伯明翰 英国,19964米棍等. ,aplicacidelelectroconformado恩腊德moldes德inyeccinfabricacin一瞥,Revistaplsticosmodernos德. 84(2002)年03月 557.5 L六汉密尔顿等. ,clculos德qumicaanaltica,均有山(1989) .6 Ejulve,electrodeposicinmetales德,2000(e.j.s.) .7 甲沃森、解磺酸盐镍,镍发展学会(1989) .8 甲沃森、增补办法磺酸盐镍,镍发展学会(1989).9 J迪尼、涂料、电镀基板材料科学、箱内出版物(1993年).10 万豪 朱迪,与多晶硅微磁屈,船长报告,系形体、柏克莱加州大学，1994.附件2：外文原文（复印件）A technical note on the characterization of electroformed nickel shells for their application to injection molds5. Metallographic structureIn order to analyze the metallographic structure, the values of current density and temperature were mainly modified. The samples were analyzed in frontal section and in transversal section (perpendicular to the deposition). For achieving a convenient preparation, they were conveniently encapsulated in resin, polished and etched in different stages with a mixture of acetic acid and nitric acid. The etches are carried out at intervals of 15, 25, 40 and 50s, after being polished again, in order to be observed afterwards in a metallographic microscope Olympus PME3-ADL 3.3/10.Before going on to comment the photographs shown in this article, it is necessary to say that the models used to manufacture the shells were made in a FDM rapid prototyping machine where the molten plastic material (ABS), that later solidifies, is settled layer by layer. In each layer, the extruder die leaves a thread approximately 0.15mm in diameter which is compacted horizontal and vertically with the thread settled inmediately after. Thus, in the surface it can be observed thin lines that indicate the roads followed by the head of the machine. These lines are going to act as a reference to indicate the reproducibility level of the nickel settled. The reproducibility of the model is going to be a fundamental element to evaluate a basic aspect of injection molds: the surface texture.The tested series are indicated in Table 1.Table 1.Tested seriesSeriespHTemperature (C)Current density (A/dm2)14.20.2552.2223.90.2455.5634.00.24510.0044.00.24522.22Fig. 3 illustrates the surface of a sample of the series after the first etch. It shows the roads originated by the FDM machine, that is to say that there is a good reproducibility. It cannot be still noticed the rounded grain structure. In Fig. 4, series 2, after a second etch, it can be observed a line of the road in a way less clear than in the previous case. In Fig. 5, series 3 and 2 etch it begins to appear the rounded grain structure although it is very difficult to check the roads at this time. Besides, the most darkened areas indicate the presence of pitting by inadequate conditions of process and bath composition.Fig3 Series 1 (150), etch 1.Fig4 Series 2 (300), etch 2.Fig5 Series 3 (300), etch 2.This behavior indicates that, working at a low current density and a high temperature, shells with a good reproducibility of the model and with a small grain size are obtained, that is, adequate for the required application.If the analysis is carried out in a plane transversal to the deposition, it can be tested in all the samples and for all the conditions that the growth structure of the deposit is laminar (Fig. 6), what is very satisfactory to obtain a high mechanical resistance although at the expense of a low ductibility. This quality is due, above all, to the presence of the additives used because a nickel sulfamate bath without additives normally creates a fibrous and non-laminar structure 9. The modification until a nearly null value of the wetting agent gave as a result that the laminar structure was maintained in any case, that matter demonstrated that the determinant for such structure was the stress reducer (Allbrite SLA). On the other hand, it was also tested that the laminar structure varies according to the thickness of the layer in terms of the current density.Fig6 Plane transversal of series 2 (600), etch 2.6. Internal stressesOne of the main characteristic that a shell should have for its application like an insert is to have a low level of internal stresses. Different tests at different bath temperatures and current densities were done and a measure system rested on cathode flexural tensiometer method was used. A steel testing control was used with a side fixed and the other free (160mm length, 12.7mm width and thickness 0.3mm). Because the metallic deposition is only in one side the testing control has a mechanical strain (tensile or compressive stress) that allows to calculate the internal stresses. Stoney model 10 was applied and was supposed that nickel substratum thickness is enough small (3m) to influence, in an elastic point of view, to the strained steel part. In all the tested cases the most value of internal stress was under 50MPa for extreme conditions and 2MPa for optimal conditions, an acceptable value for the required application. The conclusion is that the electrolitic bath allows to work at different conditions and parameters without a significant variation of internal stresses.7. Test of the injection moldTests have been carried out with various representative thermoplastic materials such as PP, PA, HDPE and PC, and it has been analysed the properties of the injected parts such as dimensions, weight, resistance, rigidity and ductility. Mechanical properties were tested by tensile destructive tests and analysis by photoelasticity. About 500 injections were carried out on this core, remaining under conditions of withstanding many more.In general terms, important differences were not noticed between the behavior of the specimens obtained in the core and the ones from the machined cavity, for the set of the analysed materials. However in the analysis by photoelasticiy (Fig. 7) it was noticed a different tensional state between both types of specimens, basically due to differences in the heat transference and rigidity of the respective mold cavities. This difference explains the ductility variations more outstanding in the partially crystalline materials such as HDPE and PA 6.Fig7 Analysis by photoelasticity of injected specimens.For the case of HDPE in all the analysed tested tubes it was noticed a lower ductility in the specimens obtained in the nickel core, quantified about 30%. In the case of PA 6 this value was around 50%.8. ConclusionsAfter consecutive tests and in different conditions it has been checked that the nickel sulfamate bath, with the utilized additives has allowed to obtain nickel shells with some mechanical properties acceptable for the required application, injection molds, that is to say, good reproducibility, high level of hardness and good mechanical resistance in terms of the resultant laminar structure. The mechanical deficiencies of the nickel shell will be partially replaced by the epoxy resin that finishes shaping the core for the injection mold, allowing to inject medium series of plastic parts with acceptable quality levels.References1 A.E.W. Rennie, C.E. Bocking and G.R. Bennet, Electroforming of rapid prototyping mandrels for electro discharge machining electrodes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 110 (2001), pp. 186196. 2 P.K.D.V. Yarlagadda, I.P. Ilyas and P. Chrstodoulou, Development of rapid tooling for sheet metal drawing using nickel electroforming and stereo lithography processes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 111 (2001), pp. 286294.3 J. Hart, A. Watson, Electroforming: A largely unrecognised but expanding vital industry, Interfinish 96, 14 World Congress, Birmingham, UK, 1996.4 M. Monzn et al., Aplicacin del electroconformado en la fabricacin rpida de moldes de inyeccin, Revista de Plsticos Modernos. 84 (2002), p. 557.5 L.F. Hamilton et al., Clculos de Qumica Analtica, McGraw Hill (1989).6 E. Julve, Electrodeposicin de metales, 2000 (E.J.S.).7 A. Watson, Nickel Sulphamate Solutions, Nickel Development Institute(1989).8 A. Watson, Additions to Sulphamate Nickel Solutions, Nickel Development Institute (1989).9 J. Dini, Electrodeposition Materials Science of Coating and Substrates, Noyes Publications (1993).10 J.W. Judy, Magnetic microactuators with polysilicon flexures, Masters Report, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley, 1994. (cap. 3).