An Existential Analysis of Catch22第二十二条军规赏析1

An Existential Analysis of Catch-22 第二十二条军规赏析 ContentsAcknowledgements. . iAbstract English . . iiAbstract Chinese . . iii1. Introduction. .11.1 Catch-22. . 11.2 Writing Background . .12. The Existentialism. .22.1 “I think, so I am” and “existence before essence” . .22.2 The initiative of the soldiers. .33. Free Choice . .43.1 Orr. .53.2 Yossarian . .64. The Absurdity of the World. .74.1 The Absolute power of the Bureaucracy. .74.2 The Moral Insanity. .84.3 The Inevitability of Death. .95. Conclusion . .10Work Cited. .12AbstractThis paper is going to talk about the existentialism in Joseph Hellers masterpiece Catch-22. As regards to the influence of existentialism on literature, Jean Paul Sartres theories are the one of the great significance, which is the main concern in this thesis.Joseph Heller 1923-1999 is one of the most representative writers of Black Humor, which forecasts the dominating of American post-modernism literature. The heart of Black Humor is the description of the absurdity of the world, which is also a doctrine of existentialism. So it is said that existentialism is one of the origins of Black Humor.In Catch-22, there are bounds of freedom and the struggles to get off from them, which is a main theme of the book. And as regard to Sartres existentialism, the central thought is the freedom to choose what one wants to be or to do, which agrees with the theme of Catch-22 above I have mentioned. So in this paper I just choose Sartres existentialist thoughts to analyze it, despite other existentialists. Existentialism is a different point of view to look at the traditional war-novel, from which I think a deeper and more theoretical criticism of the war as well as that of the world can be obtained.For the value of this paper, first of all, it will prove Catch-22 an existential novel. Both centered on the theme of freedom, this novel and existentialism share the same basis, so its natural to connect them together. Also, there is chapter four on absurdity to illustrate this point. Thirdly, I want to stress the subjectivity and advantages of existentialism. Although many people think it as superficial and spiritual, it stresses on humanism, paying attention to initiative and subjectivity, which are still hot centers of discussion till now.Key words: Catch-22; Existentialism; Free choice; Absurdity内容摘要约瑟夫?海勒的代表作二十二条军规中渗透着存在主义的思想,这也是本论文讨论的主旨所在。在存在主义理论，特别是其对文学有影响的存在主义理论中，萨特的理论是有着重要的地位。虽然他的理论观点看法总是在不断地改进中，自由问题始终是他所重点关注的问题。萨特的哲学被称为“自由哲学”的原因，就是因为他对人类自由问题的关注和阐释。根据萨特的重要理论“存在先于本质”，人必须得先发挥主动性积极为自己思考，然后去做自由的选择，这些也是本论文中要涉及的内容。虽然萨特本体论为彻底完善，但使用它分析小说,可以从宏观上看到海勒对军队，对战争的厌恶,以及对社会的批判。约瑟夫?海勒是黑色幽默小说的代表作家之一，而黑色幽默小说预示着美国后现代文学将在美国文坛占有重要的地位。黑色幽默理论的核心是世界的荒诞性，而这也是存在主义所坚持的信条。本论文通过存在主义，特别是萨特的存在主义理论，尝试着从一个全新的角度去阐释第二十二条军规从存在主义关于自由，世界荒谬性，对人的主动性的强调，我们可以看到，小说中无处不渗透着存在主义的痕迹。在本文里我想强调存在主义的优点之一，注重人的主动性。虽然很多人认为它是迷信的精神的，但是它强调人道主义，注重人的主动性和主体性，而这些现在仍是被讨论的重点。关键词：第二十二条军规；存在主义；自由；荒诞性An Existential Analysis of Catch-22OutlineThesis Statement: This paper is meant to talk about the existentialism in Joseph Hellers masterpiece Catch-22. As regards to the influence of existentialism on literature, Jean Paul Sartres theories are the one of the outstanding significance, which is the main concern in this thesis. In Catch-22, there are bounds of freedom as well as the struggles to get off from them, which is a main theme of the book. And for Sartres existentialism, the central thought is the freedom to choose what one wants to be or to do, which agrees with the theme of Catch-22 above I have mentioned. So here I just choose Sartres existentialist thoughts to analyze it. Introduction: Catch-22 and its writing background. The ExistentialismA. “I think, so I am” and “existence before essence”B. The initiative of the soldiers. Free Choice A. OrrB. Yossarian. The Absurdity of the WorldA. The Absolute power of the BureaucracyB. The Moral InsanityC. The Inevitability of Death. Conclusion毕业论文开题报告1结合毕业论文课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写500字左右的文献综述，阐述当前的研究现状：Literature ReviewJoseph Heller, one of the most outstanding American novelists and the representative of Black Humor, His first and best known novel Catch-22 is now widely recognized as one of the most important books written by Americans since World War II. term Catch-22 has entered the American vocabulary to express the frustration of encountering absurd obstacles. Therefore a thorough existentialist reading of Joseph Hellers Catch-22 may give us some enlightenment and inspiration. According to Brian Czech in her essay A potential catch-22 for a sustainable American ideology, the history of American ideology includes elements of increasing sustainability. Laissez-faire, racism, sexism, and anthropocentrism have been declining throughout the 20th century, as indicated by various social movements and institutional developments. Economic growth has proceeded concurrently and the material standard of living has generally done likewise. Proponents of an environmental Kuznets curve posit that continued economic growth and associated increases in the standard of living will have the effect of, and are required for, producing an increasingly sustainable ideology.In the paper of From Modernism to Postmodernism , the auther Zhao Guofan says it is widely accepted that the emergence of Black Humor was under the influence of Existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophy which grew out of France around World War II, with Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus as its representatives. The two world wars exerted great influence on Existentialism and Black Humor, both of which share a common viewpoint of the artistic demand of facing up an absurd universe without intrinsic values. Joseph Heller, as a Black Humorist, was inevitably influenced by the existentialist philosophy and presented it in his Catch-22 There was a study by Gary w . Davis, in A detailed Summary of Catch 22, he criticized that through Catch-22 Joseph Heller permeates the idea that there is no single definitive truth, that the world is the form of a continual clash of truths. Heller permeates his ideas of existentialism throughout the novel. Each character lives within his/her own world where each creates their individual ideas of right and wrong. Through this no single truth remains a constant. The principal behind existentialism states that oneself is the only definitive reference to what may be perceived of the world. The only truths that remain become those created by the individual. Each character within Catch-22 lives within the world perceived by their mind, the ideas of right and wrong perpetuated by the individual. Catch-22 is an extraordinary novel whose basic assumption is that all men are equally mad in war. Many critics have properly identified the distinctive features of Catch-22: its wild and truly hilarious humor, its broadly satiric portrait of the military, and its savage characterization of the modern social order. Since the publication of Catch-22, it has caused much discussion and argument. After a series of study on the critical works of Joseph Heller, I have a clear understanding of the significance of existentialism in his works and give me inspiration to have a deep knowledge of Catch-22.Bibliography:Barrett, William. Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy. Garden City: Doubleday, 1958. Kaufmann, Walter. Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: Meridian, 1956.Kennard, Jean E. World Literature Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1997.Nagel, James. Critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1984.Seed, David. The Fiction of Joseph Heller: Against the Grain. London: Macmillan, 1989.Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothing. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1993.汤永宽. 第二十二条军规译本序. 上海：上海译文出版社1981.吴晓东. 20世纪外国文学专题. 北京北京大学出版社2002.潘利锋. 全球化语境与东西方文学. 长沙湖南人民出版社2004.钱满素. 美国当代小说家论. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1987毕业论文开题报告本课题研究的主要内容和拟解决的问题：主要内容：20世纪60年代称霸于西方剧坛的荒诞派戏剧以萨特的存在主义哲学为思想基拙，强调人的分离与隔膜、存在的危机与友酷、人生的无用以及世界的荒诞。本文通过分析美国现代作家海勒的“黑色幽默”经典之作第二十二条军规中体现的人与其生存的世界的隔离、人与宗教、人与人以及人与自然的隔离，以阐明在现代社会里人类存在的荒诞与无奈。第二十二条军规中通过尤索林的遭遇，反映了战争和官僚机器的疯狂、荒诞，并通过“第二十二条军规”的象征，达到一种形而上的艺术境界。主人公尤索林是一个浸透着存在主义意识的“反英雄”形象，身兼批判现实的积极因素和取消斗争的消极因素。是荒诞与疯狂社会中的清醒者。亲眼目睹的许多事实，促使他进行痛苦的思考。他有一定的社会意识和正义感。对于疯狂的世界，他一直进行着道义的评判。尤索林信仰的丧失，理想的落空，英雄气概的消亡，都反映了西方资产阶级的日趋衰败并渐渐走向衰亡尤索林的遭遇第二十二条军规中人与其生存的世界的隔离、人与宗教、人与人以及人与自然的隔离阐明现代社会里人类存在的荒诞与无奈。毕业论文开题报告指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对论文结果的预测： 指导教师： 年 月 日系（教研室）审核意见： 负责人： 年 月 日毕业论文任务书1本毕业论文应达到的目的： 本论文主要从存在主义的角度去发现作品中约瑟夫?海勒表达的存在主义思想，理解他表达的后现代主义的内涵。希望能够对作品有深层次的认识，并从中得到启迪。为了能够对这一课题有深入详实的理解和分析，将认真阅读原著并尽力搜集相关著作，综合自己的感想理解和批评著作，以期在论文中使自己的主观理解中肯并不失个人色彩。2本毕业论文的主要内容和任务要求：主要内容：20世纪60年代荒诞派戏剧以萨特的存在主义哲学为思想基拙，强调人的分离与存在的危机、人生的无用以及世界的荒诞。本文通过分析美国现代作家海勒的第二十二条军规中体现的人与世界的隔离、人与宗教、人与人以及人与自然的隔离，以阐明在现代社会里人类存在的荒诞与无奈。中通过尤索林的遭遇，反映了战争和官僚机器的疯狂、荒诞，并通过“第二十二条军规”的象征，达到一种形而上的艺术境界。尤索林是着存在主义意识的“反英雄”形象，身兼批判现实的积极因素和取消斗争的消极因素理想的落空，英雄气概的消亡，都反映了西方资产阶级的日趋衰败并渐渐走向衰亡毕业论文任务书3对毕业论文成果的要求： 1、论文应观点明确，资料翔实，结构完整，层次清楚，语言通顺，格式规范。2、论文要按照规定格式打印、装订成册，按时提交（含word格式电子稿一份）。3、及时向指导老师提交与论文相关资料，以便存档。4、对论文内容涉及的有关技术资料应负有保密责任，论文未经导师许可不能擅自对外交流或发表。 4主要参考文献：Heller, Joseph. Catch-22: with an Introduction by Malcolm Bradbury. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Kennard, Jean E. World Literature Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1997.Matuz, Roger. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991.Nagel, James. Critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1984.Seed, David. The Fiction of Joseph Heller: Against the Grain. London: Macmillan, 1989.Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothing. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1993.汤永宽第二十二条军规译本序上海上海译文出版社1981.吴晓东20世纪外国文学专题北京北京大学出版社2002.潘利锋全球化语境与东西方文学长沙湖南人民出版社2004.钱满素 美国当代小说家论北京中国社会科学出版社1987.1. Introduction Catch-22Before Catch-22, Joseph Heller has written several works, including many short stories, three plays and several novels. But it is after the publication of Catch-22 that Heller as a specialized writer is remembered by the world. This work is called the epic in the 1960s.By describing a apparently crazy world, he exposes the corruption of American society, where the social bureaucrats, related to capital power, brought suffering and death to the ordinary people.The novel Catch-22 mainly tells a story about a pilot soldier named Yossarian. This story happens in World War II. Serving in the army for a long time, he gets tired of it, and wants to go back home away from the war and from the threat to be killed. After the death of his friend Snowden, Yossarian begins to try to be grounded, to be an ordinary person away from the cruel world. In order to accomplish his dream, he pretends to be insane; to be ill and even behaves in insane manners. At last, he, obeying his own authentic self, refuses to work together with the upper officials and deserts from the army. Also there are some sub-stories about other soldiers beside Yossarian, such as his co-pilot Orr, who deserts successfully at last, another one, Nately, who falls in love with a whore, etc. Writing Background Joseph Heller was born in Brooklyn, New York, as the son of poor Jewish parents. His father, who was a bakery truck driver, died in 1927. After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941, Heller joined the Twelfth Air Force. He was posted in Corsica, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier. In 1949 Heller received his M.A. from Columbia University. He was a Fulbright scholar at Oxford in 1949-1950. Heller worked as a teacher at Pennsylvania State University 1950-1952 , copywriter for the magazines Time 1952-56 , Look 1956-58 , and promotion manager for McCalls. He left McCalls in 1961 to teach fiction and dramatic writing at Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania. All those experiences contribute to Hellers writing. After WW, American government didnt pay much attention to social reforms, and instead it lent much money to Europe and carried out commercialism, which dissatisfied the people deeply. In politics, the horror of McCarthyism swept every corner of America. Those conditions mentioned above are the writing background of Catch-22. At the very beginning of the story, Heller told that it is not just an anti-war story. Wayne Charles Miller, in his An Armed American: Its Face in Fiction, said that Pianosa, where the story Catch-22 happened, is a mirror of America, a tool that allowed Heller to criticize justice, romantic love, heroism, the military, and capitalism. People in this background are calling for true freedom and responsibility of the government as well as themselves. So Sartres theories just pleased what those people needed. All those above mentioned are the background reasons why I choose existentialism to analyze Catch-22.2. ExistentialismExistentialists tend, for example, to highlight the unique and particular in human experience; they put the individual person at the centre of their pictures of the world, and are suspicious of philosophical or psychological doctrines that obscure this existential individuality by speaking as if there were some abstract “human nature”, some set of general laws or principles, to which men are determined or required, by their common humanity, and to conform that each man is what he chooses to be or make himself to be, and he cannot escape responsibility for his character or his deeds by claiming that they are the pre-determined consequence of factors beyond his power to control resist, nor can he justify what he does in terms upon him from without.For the relationship of existentialism with the literature, Sartres theories are much more powerful than the others. Sartres theory “Existence before essence” stresses the initiative of human being, for which it is called “the philosophy of action”. In this chapter, focusing on the Catch-22, Ill have a discussion about soldiers different responses to the war according to their different initiative.2.1 “I think, so I am” and “existence before essence”“Cogito ergo sum” is the slogan of a French philosopher, Decarte, which means in English “I think before I am.”, which is almost the equation of Sarters “existence before essence.” Both of them tell us that we should be suspicious to everything in the world except that “Im suspecting” or “Im thinking”, in spite of which I have nothing. This suspicion I have proves the existence of myself as well as the initiative of the very person, I. As I have mentioned, “existence before essence” means “we as human beings have no given essence or nature but must forge our own values and meanings in an inherently meaningless or absurd world of existence.” Man was not created according to a certain style or pattern. Man has no pre-existing essence, as a result of which he is what he conceives himself to be and what he makes of himself. He sets up his own ethics and creates his own human nature. Man is thrown into the world and he must accept himself and look forwards to the future.For all the existentialists, Sartre defers from others most by his human-centered thinking. “Sartre appreciated Decartes I think, and thought that any truth in the world can not depart with I think before I am, only from which we can get an absolute real self-consciousness.” Of course, there are differences between them. In Sartres opinion, “Before Decartes reflective cogito, i.e., I think, there should and must be the pre-reflective thought, which should be the subject of philosophy and the starting line of the phonology.” There are shortcomings in Decartes thinking. For example, “from the pre-reflective cogito, Decarte sets up I as the instinctive structure of ideology, and as the subject of thinking dominating ideology”, and consequently he went into dualism, which separates subject from object. Also in “Cogito ergo sum”, Decarte defines “I” as a real and tangible person, which in “I think before I am”, Sartre thinks that “I” is a general theoretical definition, not a real one. Whats more, Sartre pays more attention to the authenticity and creativity of individuals, i.e., he focuses on the initiative of human beings. We choose to be what we want ourselves to be, and we must think first, not behaving in bad faith.In spite of those detailed differences, the two theories, no matter Sartres “Existence before essence” or its origin “I think, so I am”, both stress the initiative of people. With the aim of discussing the initiative of those pilots, lets see how they respond differently to the paradoxical Catch-22.2.2 The initiative of the soldiers“The existence of reality is always surrounded and penetrated by mans subjectivity.” For a soldier, the immediate rules from the upper officials of the army where he serves are essential and impetuous for his daily life, although here, in this squadron, the dominating rule, Catch-22, even doesnt exist at all, while all the enlisted men following it blindly. Sartre holds that “existence before essence”, man is free to choose himself to be a certain kind of person, who at the same time has the liability for himself as well as for the others, if not, he is said to be in a “bad faith”, which is a kind of escape from the responsibility he should take. And thats why Sartres theories are called “the philosophy of action”. His theory encourages people to make their own choices, and to realize their authentic self. So initiative is important in Sartres theories of existence, while without which you can be called in inertia, or bad faith.For the squadron of soldiers, some of them just act themselves in relation to the orders from the military system; some begin to think about the absurdity of the rule Catch-22 and the war; while others really start to desert. In this special situation, the soldiers of the third group is those of self-consciousness, they think more about themselves, more about the war and even more about the world than others do, which is accordant with Decartes “Cogito ergo sum”. The most representative figure of this group, besides Yossarian, is Orr.Under the control of Catch-22, Yossarian and Orr are brave enough to show their initiative in seeking their “authentic self”. Compared with Yossarian and Orr, most of the soldiers are lack of initiative, i.e., living in “bad faith”. Under the rule of Catch-22, they arent in authentic existence, and just as above I have mentioned, they are only puppets.“Bad faith” is one of famous themes of existentialism. If you act in “bad faith”, you are trying to force away from the anguish of realizing that you are absolutely free, and you do not choose your being on the basis of this or that matter, but out of nothing. As said by Sartres theory, “bad faith” has many forms. One manifestation of it occurs in the person who lives as a role that is mere stereotype. In order to escape ones responsibility of choosing a meaning and a value for his life, one adopts a ready-made role, which