美国文学整理(终)

真诚为您提供优质参考资料，若有不当之处，请指正。美国文学一、 单选(10/20)二、 True or false(10/10)三、 填空(15/15)四、 根据一段作品内容节选，写出该作品的作品名及作家(5/10)五、 简答(5/25)六、 文学评论(20)简答题：1. 欧文的重要地位是什么？Washington Irving（1）first American writer（2）the messenger sent from the new world to the old world（3）father of American literature2. 超验主义American TranscendentalismI. Background: four sources1. Unitarianism(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of ones character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4. PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII. Appearance1836, “Nature” by EmersonIII. Features1. spirit/oversoul2. importance of individualism3. nature symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4. focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV. Influence1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3. It helped to create the first American renaissance one of the most prolific period in American literature.V. Ralph Waldo Emerson1. works(1) Nature(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet2. point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.(4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.3. aesthetic ideas(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.VI. Henry David Thoreau1. works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2) Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)2. point of view(1) He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on mans spiritual well-being.(4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5) He was very critical of modern civilization.(6) “Simplicitysimplify!”(7) He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty institutions of mens odd-fellow society”.(8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.3.清教主义(Puritanism)1. features of Puritanism(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3) Total depravity(4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2. Influence(1) A group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth garden of Eden.(3) Symbolism: the American puritans metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.4.欧亨利短篇小说特点（第二册P53）l their wit, l Wordplayl warm characterization l Clever twist endings, O. Henry ending. l witty narration5. Henry James（美国人的命运）？(1) Aesthetic ideasa. The aim of novel: represent lifeb. Common, even ugly side of lifec. Social function of artd. Avoiding omniscient point of view(2) Point of viewa. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb. Psychological realismc. Highly-refined language(3) Style “stylist”a. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb. Vocabulary: largec. Construction: complicated, intricate二、称号性评价(JohnSmith)约翰史密斯-美国文学史上第一个作家(ThomasPaine)托马斯潘恩-美国独立之父thefatherofAmericanrevolution(PhilipFreneau-1752-1832)菲利普弗伦诺- apoetoftheAmericanRevolution，美国诗歌之父(WashingtonIrving-1783-1859)华盛顿欧文-美国文学之父，美国短篇小说之父NathanielHawthorne 纳撒尼尔霍桑-humansoul firstgreatAmericanwriteroffiction 象征主义大师WaltWhitman 沃尔特惠特曼-Fatheroffreeverse自由诗之父EdgarAllanPoe 埃德加爱伦坡-侦探小说之父炉边诗人FiresidePoetsHenryWadsworthLongfellow 亨利沃兹沃思朗费thefirstpoettowritethenarrativepoemsEzra Pound 埃兹拉庞德 诗人，美国意象派诗歌的创始人。Eugene ONeill 尤金奥尼尔-美国戏剧之父三、1.Thomas Paine -The American Crisis 2.Nathaniel Hawthorne（主题） Hawthorne showed a great interest in the problems sin and evil. To Hawthorne evil existed in the human heart and everyone possessed some evil secret. Most of his works dealt with evil such as poisoning, murder, adultery, and crime.3.Ralph Waldo Emerson（文章各自的影响力） 第一册P139 WorksNature&Self-Reliance4. Theodore Dreiser(欲望三部曲) The Financier (1912) 金融家 The Stoic (1947) 巨人 The Titan (1914) 斯多葛5. William Faulkner1. themes(1) history and raceHe explains the present by examining the past, by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people who were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both races.(2) Deterioration(3) Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment(4) Horror, violence and the abnormal2. style/features of his works(1) complex plot(2) stream of consciousness(3) multiple point of view, circular form(4) violation of chronology(5) courtroom rhetoric: formal language(6) characterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of characters(7) “anti-hero”: weak, fable, vulnerable (true people in modern society)4. Emily Dickinson(主题)love,nature,death,immortality; Plain,brevity,direct5. Local ColorI. Appearance1. uneven development in economy in America2. culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3. magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII. What is “Local Colour”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)l Garland, Harte the westl Eggleston Indianal Mrs Stowel Jewett Mainel Chopin Louisiana6. Gilded Age(暂无)7. 作者笔名与原名Mark Twain-Samuel Langhorne ClemensO.Henry-William Sidney PorterDiedrich Knickerbocker- Washington Irving 8. 新英格兰文学的影响（见教材第一册P3）9. 时代代言人 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人 Mark Twain美国现实主义F. Scott Fitzgerald被视为早期爵士时代的文学代言人 了不起的盖茨比Ernest Hemingway，“迷惘的一代”的代表人物四、对作家及其作品的评价 Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”， “美国短篇小说之父”.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀，美国首位重要长篇小说家。开创了以 皮裹腿故事集为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是 最后的莫西干人。 开创了航海小说体裁。 Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生，美国19世纪著名哲学家、作家、诗人、超验主义代表人物。论自然 Nature (the manifesto of American transcendentalism)论美国学者“The American Scholar”（Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence）论自立“Self-Reliance”Emily Dickinson 艾米莉迪金森， 诗人， 艾米莉迪金森的很多诗作都以死亡为主题。狄金森诗歌的主题：（1）“永恒”主题的诗Her poems concerning death and immortality （2）狄金森的爱情诗Her love poems （3）狄金森的自然诗)Her nature poems埃米莉迪金森诗集The Poems of Emily Dickinson 诗歌：“Because I Could Not Stop for Death” “Success”“I died for Beauty - but was scarce”_五、获诺贝尔文学奖的作家及其获奖作品Ernest Hemingway 海明威-William Faulkner威廉福克纳Eugene ONeill 尤金奥尼尔John Steinbeck 约翰斯坦贝克-七、 富兰克林的主要成就（文学以及教育方面的成就）(1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.(3) Everything seems to meet in this one man “Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.6 / 6