新版浅谈人工智能原理及应用汇编

新版浅谈人工智能原理及应用汇编 模式识别与智能系统 摘要：人工智能是关于知识的学科怎样表示知识以及怎样获得知识并使用知识的科学。”而另一个美国麻省理工学院的温斯顿教授认为：“人工智能就是研究如何使计算机去做过去只有人才能做的智能工作。”这些说法反映了人工智能学科的基本思想和基本内容。即人工智能是研究人类智能活动的规律，构造具有一定智能的人工系统，研究如何让计算机去完成以往需要人的智力才能胜任的工作，也就是研究如何应用计算机的软硬件来模拟人类某些智能行为的基本理论、方法和技术。人工智能是当前科学技术发展中的一门前沿学科，是在计算机科学、控制论、信息论、神经心理学、哲学、语言学等多种学科研究的基础上发展起来的，以模拟人类智能、智能行为及其规律为研究内容的一门综合性边缘学科。由于人工智能自出现以来取得的巨大成就及其潜在的广阔应用前景，它又同空间技术、原子能技术并称为20世纪的三大科学技术成就。 关键词：人工智能；计算机科学；发展方向?、人工智能的定义 人工智能，是一门综合了计算机科学、生理学、哲学的交叉学科。“人工智能”一词最初是在1956年美国计算机协会组织的达特莫斯学会上提出的。自那以后，研究者们发展了众多理论和原理，人工智能的概念也随之扩展。由于智能概念的不确定，人工智能的概念一直没有一个统一的标准。著名的美国斯坦福大学人工智能研究中心尼尔逊教授对人工智能下了这样一个定义“人工智能是关于知识的学科怎样表示知识以及怎样获得知识并使用知识的科学。”而美国麻省理工学院的温斯顿教授认为“人工智能就是研究如何使计算机去做过去只有人才能做的智能工作。”童天湘在从“人机大战”到人机共生中这样定义人工智能：“虽然现在的机器不能思维也没有“直觉的方程式”，但可以把人处理问题的方式编入智能程序，是不能思维的机器也有智能，使机器能做那些需要人的智能才能做的事，也就是人工智能。”诸如此类的定义基本都反映了人工智能学科的基本思想和基本内容。即人工智能是研究人类智能活动的规律，构造具有一定智能的人工系统，研究如何让计算机去完成以往需要人的智力才能胜任的工作，也就是研究如何应用计算机的软硬件来模拟人类某些智能行为的基本理论、方法和技术。、人工智能原理1、介绍人工智能的实现技术人工智能是实现具有智能的机器，尤其是具有智能的计算机程序的科学和工程技术。人工智能与用计算机理解人的智力的目标有一些关系，但它并不一定要使用生物学上的方法。2、人工智能的原理人工智能的科学研究要研究人的智慧的内部结构，相当于研究心理学的原理，更玄是不是，一般人不大会去做的大部分的人工智能研究集中在后者工程实现上，知识：人的智能活动本质上就是获得和运用知识知识是智能的基础为了实现人工智能使机器具有智能就必须使它具有知识，表达：要采用适当的手段表达人的知识然后才能存储到机器中去这就是用知识表达要解决的问题对知识进行表达就是把知识表示成便于计算机存储和利用的某种数据结构知识表达方法又称为知识表示技术，其表示形式称为知识表示模式。、人工智能应用1、人工智能的应用范围它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确，因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复杂任务”, 可见复杂工作的定义是随着时代的发展和技术的进步而变化的, 人工智能这门科学的具体目标也自然随着时代的变化而发展。它一方面不断获得新的进展，一方面又转向更有意义、更加困难的目标。目前能够用来研究人工智能的主要物质手段以及能够实现人工智能技术的机器就是计算机, 人工智能的发展历史是和计算机科学与技术的发展史联系在一起的。除了计算机科学以外, 人工智能还涉及信息论、控制论、自动化、仿生学、生物学、心理学、数理逻辑、语言学、医学和哲学等多门学科。人工智能学科研究的主要内容包括：知识表示、自动推理和搜索方法、机器学习和知识获取、知识处理系统、自然语言理解、计算机视觉、智能机器人、自动程序设计等方面。2、人工智能中的机器翻译机器翻译是利用计算机把一种自然语言转变成另一种自然语言的过程，用以完成这一过程的软件系统叫做机器翻译系统。几十年来，国内外许多专家、学者为机器翻译的研究付出了大量的心血和汗水。虽然至今还没有一个实用、全面、高质量的自动翻译系统出现，不过也取得了很大的进展，特别是作为人们的辅助翻译工具，机器翻译已经得到大多数人的认可。目前，国内的机器翻译软件不下百种，根据这些软件的翻译特点，大致可以分为三大类：词典翻译类、汉化翻译类和专业翻译类。词典类翻译软件代表是“金山词霸”了，堪称是多快好省的电子词典，它可以迅速查询英文单词或词组的词义，并提供单词的发音，为用户了解单词或词组含义提供了极大的便利。汉化翻译软件的典型代表是“东方快车202x”，它首先提出了“智能汉化”的概念，使翻译软件的辅助翻译作用更加明显。以“译星”、“雅信译霸”为代表的专业翻译系统，是面对专业或行业用户的翻译软件，但其专业翻译的质量与人们的实用性还有不少差距，有人评价说“满篇英文难不住，满篇中文看不懂”，该说法虽然比较极端，但机译译文的质量确实却一直是个老大难问题。这里，我们不妨对现有的机译和人译过程作一比较，从中可以看出一些原因。机器翻译： 1.一句一句处理，上下文缺乏联系； 2.对源语言的分析只是求解句法关系，完全不是意义上的理解； 3.缺乏领域知识，从计算机到医学，从化工到法律都通用，就换专业词典； 4.译文转换是基于源语言的句法结构的，受源语言的句法结构的束缚； 5.翻译只是句法结构的和词汇的机械对应。人工翻译： 1.一般会先通读全文，会前后照应； 2.对源语言是求得意义上的理解； 3.只有专业翻译人员，而没有万能翻译人员； 4.译文是基于他对源语言的理解，不受源语言的句法结构的束缚； 5.翻译是一个再创造的过程。在目前的情况下，计算机辅助翻译应该是一个比较好的实际选择。事实上，在很多领域中，计算机辅助人类工作的方式已经得到了广泛的应用，例如CAD软件。如果计算机辅助技术用于语言的翻译研究，应该同样可以起到很大的辅助作用，这就是所谓的“计算机辅助翻译”。它集机器记忆式翻译、语法分析式翻译和人际交互式翻译为一体，把翻译过程中机械、重复、琐碎的工作交给计算机来完成。这样，翻译者只需将精力集中在创造性的思考上，有利于工作效率的提高。机器翻译研究归根结底是一个知识处理问题，它涉及到有关语言内的知识、语言间的知识、以及语言外的世界知识，其中包括常识和相关领域的专门知识。随着因特网的普及与发展，机器翻译的应用前景十分广阔。作为人类探索自己智能和操作知识的机制的窗口，机器翻译的研究与应用将更加诱人。国际上有关专家分析认为机器翻译要想达到类似人工翻译一样的流畅程度，至少还要经历15年时间的持续研究，但在人类对语言研究还没有清楚“人脑是如何进行语言的模糊识别和判断”的情况下，机器翻译要想达到100%的准确率是不可能的。3.3人工智能中的专家系统专家系统是一种模拟人类专家解决领域问题的计算机程序系统。专家系统内部含有大量的某个领域的专家水平的知识与经验，能够运用人类专家的知识和解决问题的方法进行推理和判断，模拟人类专家的决策过程，来解决该领域的复杂问题。专家系统是人工智能应用研究最活跃和最广泛的应用领域之一,涉及到社会各个方面，各种专家系统已遍布各个专业领域，取得很大的成功。根据专家系统处理的问题的类型，把专家系统分为解释型、诊断型、调试型、维修型、教育型、预测型、规划型、设计型和控制型等10种类型。具体应用就很多了，例如血液凝结疾病诊断系统、电话电缆维护专家系统、花布图案设计和花布印染专家系统等等。为了实现专家系统，必须要存储有该专门领域中经过事先总结、分析并按某种模式表示的专家知识，以及拥有类似于领域专家解决实际问题的推理机制。系统能对输入信息进行处理，并运用知识进行推理，做出决策和判断，其解决问题的水平达到或接近专家的水平，因此能起到专家或专家助手的作用。开发专家系统的关键是表示和运用专家知识，即来自领域专家的己被证明对解决有关领域内的典型问题有用的事实和过程。目前，专家系统主要采用基于规则的知识表示和推理技术。由于领域的知识更多是不精确或不确定的，因此，不确定的知识表示与知识推理是专家系统开发与研究的重要课题。此外，专家系统开发工具的研制发展也很迅速，这对扩大专家系统的应用范围，加快专家系统的开发过程，将起到积极地促进作用。随着计算机科学技术整体水平的提高，分布式专家系统、协同式专家系统等新一代专家系统的研究也发展很快。在新一代专家系统中，不但采用基于规则的推理方法，而且采用了诸如人工神经网络的方法与技术。3.4人工智能模式识别 模式识别就是通过计算机用数学技术方法来研究模式的自动处理和判读。这里,我们把环境与客体统称为“模式”,随着计算机技术的发展，人类有可能研究复杂的信息处理过程。用计算机实现模式（文字、声音、人物、物体等）的自动识别，是开发智能机器的一个最关键的突破口，也为人类认识自身智能提供线索。信息处理过程的一个重要形式是生命体对环境及客体的识别。对人类来说，特别重要的是对光学信息（通过视觉器官来获得）和声学信息（通过听觉器官来获得）的识别。这是模式识别的两个重要方面。市场上可见到的代表性产品有光学字符识别系统 、语音识别系统等。计算机识别的显著特点是速度快、准确性和效率高。识别过程与人类的学习过程相似。以“汉字识别”为例：首先将汉字图象进行处理，抽取主要表达特征并将其特征与汉字的代码存在计算机中。就象把老师教我们这个字叫什么、如何写的知识记忆在大脑中。这一过程叫做“训练”。识别过程就是将输入的汉字图像经处理后与计算机中所保存的全部汉字进行比较，找出最相近的字作为识别结果,这一过程叫做“匹配”。语音识别就是让计算机能听懂人说的话，一个重要的例子就是七国语言（英、日、意、韩、法、德、中）口语自动翻译系统。其中，中文部分的实验平台设立在中国科学院自动化所的模式识别国家重点实验室，这是口语翻译研究跨入世界领先水平的标志。该系统实现后，人们出国预定旅馆、购买机票、在餐馆对话和兑换外币时，只要利用电话网络和国际互联网，就可用手机、电话等与“老外”通话。指纹是人体的一个重要特征，具有唯一性。北京大学有关专家对数字图像的离散几何性质进行了深入研究，建立了从指纹灰度图像精确计算纹线局部方向、进而提取指纹特征信息的理论与算法，随后研究成功了适于民用身份鉴定的全自动指纹鉴定系统，以及适于公安刑事侦破的指纹鉴定系统。从而开创了我国指纹自动识别系统应用的先河。北大指纹自动识别系统的推出，使我国公安*从指纹查对的繁重人工处理中解放出来。浙江省从1997年开始使用北大指纹自动识别系统，采取省地（市）二级建库、省地（市）县三级查询的方式，形成了独特的“浙江模式”。省公安厅现已建立了100多万人的指纹库，是目前国内的第二大库。在100多万人的指纹库中，检索一枚现场指纹仅需4分钟左右。202x年浙江省用指纹自动识别系统直接破案3063起，连带破案1202x多起。破案率为全国第一，并遥遥领先于国内其它指纹识别系统，被公安部树为指纹系统建设应用样板。这里介绍一个综合应用的例子，一汽集团公司与国防科技大学最近合作研制成功“红旗轿车自主驾驶系统”（即无人驾驶系统），它标志着我国研制高速智能汽车的能力已达到当今世界先进水平。汽车自主驾驶技术是集模式识别、智能控制、计算机学和汽车操纵动力学等多门学科于一体的综合性技术，代表着一个国家控制技术的水平。红旗车自主驾驶系统采用计算机视觉导航方式，并采用仿人控制，实现了对红旗车的操纵控制。首先，摄像机将车前方的道路和车辆行驶情况输入到图像处理和图像识别系统。该系统识别出道路状况、前方车辆的相对距离和相对车速。接着，路径规划系统根据这些信息规划出一条合适路径，即决定如何开车。然后，路径跟踪系统根据需跟踪的路径，结合车辆行驶状态参数和车辆驾驶动力学约束，形成控制命令，控制方向盘和油门开启机构产生相应动作，使汽车按照规划好的路径前进，即按自主驾驶系统的规划路径前进。 festival, summer food, children food special rectification, everywhere selling counterfeit and shoddy food and other illegal behavior severely, seized substandard food 400 kilograms, 1000 bottles of wine, false Right more than 8000 boxes, packing boxes of 15000 people, to ensure that the masses of consumer safety.To investigate and deal with commercial bribery, pyramid schemes, trademark infringement, false advertising and other illegal casesThis year, the County Bureau continue to control commercial bribery, blow from MLM, trademark infringement and false advertising as a priority among priorities of work. In the summary node basis last year working experience in commercial bribery governance experience, actively learn foreign advanced experience first, not related to the analysis of field research, how to expand the area of governance the domain problem, the management of commercial bribery work continuously to the breadth and depth of development. This year in March, the county bureau successfully dealt with a real estate service company limited commercial bribery bribery case, involving the value of 100 thousand yuan, and according to the order to stop the illegal act of the administrative punishment, fines at 70 thousand yuan; continue to fight pass The pin high pressure situation, actively create no MLM marketing community activities, focus on the pull the head team payment, charge entry fees and the door to provide convenient conditions such as illegal acts as a pyramid scheme. In January this year, 9 day, County Bureau jointly with the public security departments in the daily check at a temple mall, pyramid Gang, captured the scene the marketing staff of 55, and 16 people were in administrative detention, 2 people were detained, other personnel by education and repatriation; Yantai Tianma Industry Development Co. Ltd. XX Branch to provide training places for the marketing case, according to law, make the order to stop illegal activities, confiscate the illegal income 1162 yuan, and fined A $150 thousand administrative penalty; at the same time focusing on trademark, advertising against illegal cases, shall be ordered to stop the illegal advertisements released 50, deadline for whole reform 58, investigated 112 cases of trademark, advertising case 21.Xxx every year, the global total for all kinds of economic illegal 403 cases, one case. The simple procedure of 26 pieces, 377 pieces of the case, the general procedure, penalty fines totaling 139,85 million yuan.Clear the focus of work, to increase the importance of market supervisionCounty Bureau of the avian bird meat, grain, oil, real estate, automobile transportation, tobacco, Internet cafes and other advertisements as the focus of supervision, strengthen the daily inspections. The positive pole to carry out poultry meat market inspection, processing and sales of dead chicken Association banned dens in one place, destroyed more than 100 dead chickens, disease disease of pigs, sheep and other livestock, more than 10, and the burning of landfill disposal, maintenance support bird meat market and to increase grain consumption safety; market supervision, thorough investigation of the subject qualification check management, food for 44 cases, 100 cases of cotton, according to 221 households received for the acquisition of cotton merchants flow for the business according to the license The quality of the refined oil market; the county into a sample test, found and disposal of substandard oil in 3 batches, investigated 4 cases of illegal everywhere, fines of nearly 110 thousand yuan; the national real estate market rank order rectification as an opportunity to conduct a comprehensive inspection of the county real estate enterprises, for investigation of illegal cases in 3, the penalty of a fine of 30 thousand yuan; increase of automobile transportation transportation market supervision and inspection of transport vehicles, vehicles more than 1000 vehicles, dealt with unlicensed business 116, banned inconsistent with the operating conditions of the 19 households, 3360 households for the camp industry transport business license; increase market supervision and supervision of tobacco, and smoke The grass line sector joint law enforcement, law enforcement officers dispatched 1800 passengers, check the business more than 400 households, a fine of more than 3 yuan, to maintain the tobacco market order; increase rectification of Internet cafes, many of the county's 355 Internet cafes concentrated cleaning, check the thorough investigation of Internet business qualification, and resolutely ban black Internet bar. On 7 of the existence of violations in the Internet according to the law of the processing; intensify supervision of the advertising market in the field of college entrance examination enrollment, examination and enrollment of senior high school entrance examination, some units issued cloth advertisements were examined, a total enrollment of more than 20 units of inspection, the law enforcement officers dispatched 120 passengers Vivian, support the enrollment advertising market order.Three, to strengthen the learning and education, enhance the quality of the team, and constantly improve the scientific development, building a harmonious society and the ability and levelContinue to deepen the business culture construction, and constantly improve the ideological and moral qualities of all the comrades and political theory quality. To building a harmonious business, show a good image in theme activities and all the minds discuss events deed opportunity, organize all the comrades through the Internet network, group discussion, speech, reading and learning files other forms of serious study and spirit, an important speech on the main theme of the Council's leadership activities of the municipal, county leaders important speech about emancipating the mind to discuss, especially is held in the party's Party Congress since the opening, the County Bureau of Party Congress spirit of learning as the current The primary political task, and combining with the actual work, adhere to learn while investigation and change, for the people, first, responsibility, dedication and their cultural connotation is gradually internalized of conscious action for all the comrades, with Comrades ideological and political quality is obviously enhanced; further deepen the business culture the construction, in an effort to work and into a lot of work reflect the effect of Kung Fu, divided into business culture construction, into the starting chapter, article and chapter four chapter has held a business culture exhibition XX County Industrial and Commercial Bureau, held the theme for the title to emancipate the mind and eight honors and 88 Disgraces The July 1 Qing mission and age peer lecture, are subject to the superior leadership praise. In addition, but also through discussion, warning education, honest talk and reading the books, etc., vigorously carry out anti-corruption education, and further improve all comrades low awareness of self-discipline.Continue to deepen the post training, improve the quality of the business with the comrades and the ability to work. In this year the County Bureau constantly enrich the training content, innovative training methods, combined with the team quality status is formulated with a specific learning training plan, implementation of the two two two learning system system, daily two, two monthly, monthly, quarterly, the take training courses, to be acting training, special lectures, case by case, typical case analysis form, laws and regulations to carry out knowledge learning; two is to establish and push the promotion of the system questions take the way of questioning before. Before the examination about the participants Learning staff in the period, the content relates to the County Bureau of industrial and commercial integrity culture construction, the content of current political and common laws and regulations, greatly improving the learning consciousness of gay volunteers; each comrades every day, namely people ask ask each day the task is completed, the day to learn what the laws and regulations, and found the deficiency of yesterday is whether correct today, through the question and find the gap distance, make up for deficiencies, improve their own quality; the three is to explore the promotion of the interactive training method, prior to collect problems, prepare materials, take the form of lectures answer to pass the problem after, not only make the training More than the name? If pregnant no matter one of Yu aunt sent long cut target has been difficult for 8 yuan Huan Mei Si Xiang Fan is still a ape Nai Cup? 4 comrades generation team to participate in the city's industrial and commercial legal system for post training contest, won the city's industrial and commercial system the legal job training wins collective honorary title, the former Red Tian Yuan, Wang Lijun two comrades were named for the city's industrial and commercial system of legal skill can model.The new move again in the style construction. Establish style is the image of the concept of two all earnestly implement the ban and the general secretary Hu Jintao put forward the eight aspects of the good atmosphere. This year county bureau to strengthen the prone position and link to ask questions of thorough investigation visit, especially whether the contract change, contract and market custody disguised as a key phenomenon, on the behavior of the grass-roots work into standard; in August through the <xxx state XX >, e-government network and other new media, for administrative approval, administrative enforcement, administrative fees and service window key services, released to the community of cloth public undertaking make The eight key commitments, accept the community supervision and supervision; the sunshine supervision Kaka Printed Access >, < > and < sunshine supervision fee cards sunshine law enforcement supervision card, will review the examination and approval procedures, fees and law enforcement requirements were shown in three publicity card, ask the staff in the process of entry into the procedures collect relevant fees, and to carry out law enforcement supervision to the exhibition service issued, earnestly solicit their views and suggestions, accept their supervision. In addition, through visiting survey operators, solicit opinions and sign morals supervisors opened for morals hotline, accept supervision from the society from all walks of life, effectively regulate the fan The law enforcement behavior, prevent the illegal violation of discipline, promote the style construction, establish a good image.Four, construction and harmonious industry and commerce, show a good image, efforts to create a working environment within and outside the smoothActively carry out publicity, establish a good image.Since the beginning of this year, the County Bureau of publicity as the key point to work, on the basis of the original information publicity work system, again revised the manuscript business information reward standard > increase of excitation, the national, provincial and municipal media published articles, the incentives, and further stimulate the positive and the initiative of communication reporters. Reporters working closely around the County Bureau Center, actively capture service to develop new measures and supervision of law enforcement in the new experience, through <xx, daily XXX, e-government, electronic system and <xx OA's new media business > at all levels to actively promote business Work, let the leadership know that social understanding, and establish a good image, to optimize the executive law enforcement environment. As of December 16 day, group communication reports issued a total of business information manuscripts 655, national media published articles 10; provincial media published articles 49; municipal media published articles 342 the county level, the media published manuscripts 254.Duocuobingju, step by step, solid has developed building a harmonious business, show a good image in theme activities.County Bureau to carry out the theme activities as an effective means of creating within and outside the work environment, the layers of member held a mobilization meeting, to strengthen the organization and leadership system, to develop the implementation plan, divided into administrative licensing, market supervision and administrative law enforcement, dry personnel management and comprehensive service of all 5 thematic groups, in-depth study and discussion, revealing problems seriously, centralized rectification. At the same time also increased the power of supervision and inspection efforts, through regular meetings, scheduling, on-site inspection, listening to the reports and check related data, timely solve each stage activities. In addition, the county bureau is also based on the actual work, and with the development of the county Speed up the construction of strong city city, how do we emancipates the mind big discussion activities combined, put out 120 questionnaires and writing research on Article 43, the consultation opinions issued more than 300 copies of the book has three times all the comrades were organized into a hierarchical topic, to develop a corrective reform program and rectification measures in the state of <xxx daily, XX television and other news media for the publicity, accept social supervision from all walks of life. At the same time, County Council will also some effective measures such as: only business within specified time, interactive training system, hierarchical work summary and the administrative guidance system And so on to the form of the system fixed down, it has effectively promoted the development of the theme of the year.Comprehensively promote the administration according to law, and strive to build a legal business.Firmly establish the legal system is the industry and commerce administration work lifeline concept, the implementation of grassroots legal personnel, County Bureau of legal institutions and leaders in charge of 33 grade examination system, explore the establishment of the administrative punishment case filing, investigation, closed three node stage respectively, the new legal supervision mode of comprehensive control the product; actively promote the case, the three systems of reasonable discretion and a