人教新目标英语八年级上册 Unit1 单元知识点总结

人教新目标英语八年级上册Unit1 Where did you go on vacation？单元知识要点一、语法：一般过去时1. 概念一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。常与过去的时间状语连用。例如：yesterday， the day before yesterday，last week，last month，in 2008，two days ago，this morning/afternoon/evening，when引导的状语从句(动词过去时)，just now，in the old days，at that time， at that moment等。2. 谓语构成：动词的过去式动词过去式的变化：1）规则变化：情况方法示例一般情况+edwork- worked look-looked以不发音的e结尾+dlive -lived hope-hoped以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i+edstudystudied carry-carried以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写最后的辅音字母+edstopstopped plan-planned2） 不规则变化：3） have-had are-were is/am-was do-did二、一般过去时结构（1）有Be动词的过去时结构：肯定句：主语+was/were+其他 Jim was angry last night.否定句：主语+was/were+not+其他 Jim wasnt angry last night.一般疑问句：was/were+主语+其他？ Was Jim angry last night?肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + was/were. Yes, he was.否定回答：No, 主语 + wasnt/werent. No, he wasnt.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句结构？ How was Jim last night?（2）句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子肯定：主语+动词过去式+其他 eg. Jim went home yesterday.否定：主语+ didnt +动词原形+其他 Jim didnt go home yesterday.一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+其他 Did Jim go home yesterday? 肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + did. Yes, he did. 否定回答：No, 主语 + didnt. No, he didnt. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其他？What did Jim do yesterday? Who went to home yesterday?复合不定代词和复合不定副词英语中，像something等这样的词叫复合不定代词；像somewhere这样的词叫复合不定副词。类别复合不定代词复合不定副词指人指物some系列someonesomebodysomethingsomewhereany系列anyoneanybodyanythinganywhereno系列no onenobodynothingnowhereevery系列everyoneeverybodyeverythingeverywhere1、复合不定代词的用法：复合不定代词在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。I know nothing about this person我对这个人一无所知。复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词必须用第三人称单数形式。 Everything begins to grow in spring.春天万物开始生长。 复合不定代词被形容词修饰时，复合不定代词要放在形容词之前。There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。在反意疑问句中，表示人的复合不定代词在陈述句中作主语时，简略问句中的主语用he或they：如果表示物的复合不定代词在陈述句中作主语，简略问句中的主语用it。例如： Nobody knows the answer， does hedo they? 没有人知道答案，是吗? Someone is waiting for you at the school gate，isnt hearent they? 有人在门口等你，是不是? Everything is ready，isnt it?一切都准备好了，是吗? 复合不定副词在句中可作表语，也可作状语修饰动词或其他副词。形容词修饰复合不定副词时，放在不定副词后面。Your bike must be somewhere in your school. 你的自行车一定在学校的什么地方。 We went somewhere nice yesterday.昨天我们去了一个美丽的地方。 I cant find it anywhere.我到处找不到它。短语归纳- 7 -1、go on vacation去度假 ，2、stay at home 呆在家， 3、go to the mountains 上山/进山 ，4、go to the beach到海边去，5、visit museums 参观博物馆，6、go to summer camp 去夏令营，7、quite a few 相当多， 8、study for为学习，9、go out 出去，10、most of the time 大部分时间/绝大多数时间，11、taste good 尝起来味道好，12、have a good time玩的开心，13、of course当然可以， 14、feel like(doing sth)感觉像/想要,15、go shopping购物，16、in the past 在过去，17、walk around绕走，18、too many 太多（可数名词前面），19、because of 因为， 20、one bowl of 一碗,21、find out 查出来/发现 ，22、go on继续，23、take photos 照相， 24、something important重要的事情， 25、up and down上上下下， 26、come up出来 习惯用法、搭配1. buy sth. for sb.=buy sb. sth. 为某人买某物 2. taste/look/smell/sound/feel + adj. 尝起来/看起来/闻起来/听起来/摸起来3. have nothing to do but + V.(原形) 除了之外什么都没有There was nothing much to do in the evening but read.晚上除了读书以外无事可做。4. seem + (to be) + adj 看起来;似乎 5. arrive in + 大地方 / arrive at + 小地方 到达某地6. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 7. try doing sth. 尝试做某事 / try to do sth. 尽力做某事8. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 9. want to do sth. 想去做某事10. start doing sth. 开始做某事 11. stop doing sth. 停止正在做的某事 stop to do sth 停下来去做另外一件事 12. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事13. Why not do sth.= why dont you do sth为什么不做.呢？l What about doing sth ?=How about doing sth? .怎么样？l Would you like to do sth? 你想去做某事吗？l Would you mind doing sth？你介意做某事吗？14. so + 形容词 + that + 从句 如此以至于 too+ 形容词+ to +动词原形 太而不能. such+(a/an)+形容词+名词that + 从句 如此以至于She is _ old to walk so long. A. too B. so C. very D. such15. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要） 做某事 16. keep doing sth. 继续做某事17. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 / forget doing sth 忘记做过某事18.How do you like=what do you think of ? 你认为怎么样19. enough +名词，形容词+enough20.不定代词+形容词，如；something new, anything important, nothing interesting21. have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得开心，玩得愉快2、 课文要点：SectionA1.buy anything special 买特别的东西。（P2）1）buy及物动词，意为“买；购买”。其过去式为_。 拓展：buy sth. for sb.=buy sb. sth. 意为“给某人买某物”。My uncle_ _a bike.= My uncle_ _for me. 2)anything不定代词，意为“某事；某件东西”，主要用于疑问句或否定句中。a.Do you want to buy anything for me? b.I cant say anything about it. 3) anthing special表示“特别的东西”，形容词修饰不定代词时后置。 Is there_ _in this book?这本书里有新的内容吗？2.Oh, did you go anywhere interesting?哦，你去有趣的地方了吗？（P2）1）本句是did开头的一般疑问句 2）anywhere用作副词，意为“在任何地方”。eg：Did you go anywhere during the summer vacation？辨析：anywhere与somewhere anywhere意为“在任何地方”，常用于否定句和疑问句中。 eg:I cant find it anywhere. somewhere意为“在某处；到某处”，常用于肯定句中。 eg:I lost my key somewhere near here.3.We took quite a few photos there.我们在那里拍了不少照片。（P2） take photos 意为“照相；拍照”。 eg:We_ _on the Great Wall.我们在长城上照了相。辨析：quite a few与quite a little quite a few 意为“很多;不少”，修饰可数名词复数；quite a little 意为“很多;不少”，修饰不可数名词。a. He stays here for _ _ _days. b.There is _ _ _water in the bottle(瓶子).4. I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax. 我大部分时间只是待在家里读书休息。 （P2） most of the time意为“大部分时间”，其中most为代词，意为“大部分；大多数”。拓展most of意为“中的大多数”，它作主语时，谓语动词取决于most of后所修饰的名词。a. Most of us_(be)going to the park. 我们大多数人要去公园。b. Most of the food_(go)bad. 大部分的食物都变质了。7.Everything tasted really good!所有的东西尝起来真的很好吃！（P3） taste在此为系动词，意为“尝起来”，其后接形容词构成系表结构。a.The food tastes really great.食物尝起来棒极了。 8. Did everyone have a good time?大家都玩得很开心吗？（P3） have a good time = enjoy oneself = have fun 玩得开心 （+ doing）eg: We had a good time visiting the the Great Wall. = We enjoyed ourselves visiting the the Great Wall.= We had fun visiting the the Great Wall.9.How did you like it? 你觉得它怎么样？（P3）How do/did you like? 意为“你觉得怎么样？”，用来询问对方的观点或看法，相当于What do you think of?eg: How do you like your new job? = _ _ _ _ your new job?10.Did you go shopping? 你们去购物了吗？（P3） go shopping意为“去购物；去买东西”，同义短语为do some shopping. eg: I usually go shopping on Sundays.我通常星期天去购物。拓展：“go+doing”形式表示“去做某事”，常用于表达从事某一体育活动或休闲活动。go skating 去滑冰 go hiking 去 go sightseeing 去观光 go fishing 去钓鱼 go swimming 去游泳 go boating 去划船11.I went to a friends farm in the countryside with my family.我和家人一起去了乡下一个朋友的农场。（P3）a friends farm是名词所有格形式。一般情况下，表示“有生命的人或物”的名词后面加s，表示所属关系。eg:The red bike is Alices. 那辆红色的自行车是爱丽斯的。 拓展：名词所有格的构成：1）单数名词词尾加s ，复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s the girl s pen女孩的钢笔 womens shoes女鞋 on Childrens Day2）复数名词以s结尾的只加 the students reading room学生阅览室 Teachers Day教师节3）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只后一个名词有一个s，则表示“共有”： Johns and Kates rooms. 约翰和凯特（各自）的房间。 Lily and Lucys father. 莉莉和露西的爸爸（同一个爸爸）。4）表示无生命的名词一般以.of.构成短语，表示所有关系。 a map of China一幅中国地图 the name of the story那个故事的名字12. Still no one seemed to be bored. (即使这样)仍然没有人看起来无聊。（P3）1）seem意为“好像；似乎；看来”。eg：Everything seems easy.一切似乎很容易。拓展a. seem+adj. “看起来”。 You seem happy today.你今天看起来很高兴。b. seem+to do sth. “似乎，好像做某事”。 I seem to have a cold.我似乎感冒了。=It seems that I have a cold.c. It seems/seemed+从句 “看起来好像；似乎”。It seems that no one believes you.看起来好像没有人相信你。2）辨析：bored与boringa. bored意为“厌烦的；感到无聊的”，一般在句中修饰人。b. boring意为“无聊的；令人厌烦的”，一般在句中修饰事或物。eg：a. Im _with what he said.我对他说的话厌烦极了。b. I find the story very_.我发现这个故事太无聊了。（二）Section B1. What activities do you find enjoyable? 你发现什么活动让人快乐？（P5）enjoyable形容词，意为“愉快的；快乐的”。 Im sure we will have an enjoyable vacation. 我确信我们将会有一个愉快的假期。2. I arrived in Penang in Malaysia this morning with my family. 今天早上我和家人到达了马来西亚的槟城。（P5arrive不及物动词，意为“到达”。arrive in表示到达较大的地方，如国家、省、市等；arrive at表示到达较小的地方，如机场、商店、广场、村庄等。（注：地点副词home，here，there前介词省略）辨析：arrive in+大地点 / arrive at+小地点 get to +地点 reach+地点eg：I (到达) school at 8：00 oclock yesterday. 3. so we decided to go to the beach near our hotel 因此我们决定到旅馆附近的海滩上去。（P5）decide to do sth.意为“决定做某事”。 eg: They _ _ _the museum.他们决定去参观博物馆。拓展：decide后常跟“疑问词+动词不定式”做宾语。He cant decide when _ _(leave) 他不能决定何时动身。4. My sister and I tried paragliding.姐姐和我尝试了滑翔伞运动。（P5） try此处用作及物动词，其后常接名词、动名词或不定式，意为“尝试；试图，设法；努力” She is trying my bicycle.她正在试骑我的自行车。拓展：try也可用作名词，意为“尝试”，常用短语“have a try”，意为“试一试”。 I want to have a try.我想试一试。辨析：try doing sth. / try to do sth. 1）try doing sth. 尝试做某事，表示一种尝试、做做看的想法，不一定付出很多努力。2）try to do sth.尽力、设法去做某事，表示想尽一切办法要把事情办成，强调付出努力设法去完成。 a. I _ _ him, but no one answered. 我试着给他打电话了，但没有人接听。 b. Im _ _ _ English well. 我正尽力把英语学好。5. I felt like I was a bird. It was so exciting! 我感觉自己就像一只小鸟。太刺激了！（P5）1）feel like意为“给的感觉；感受到”。其后常接从句。eg: He feels like he is swimming. 他感觉像在游泳一样。拓展：feel like还可意为“想要”，其后可接名词、代词或动名词。即：feel like sth. 想要某物 feel like doing sth. 想要做某事eg：Do you feel like a cup of tea now? 你现在想要一杯茶吗？Do you feel like _ (take) a walk in the park with me? 你想跟我在公园散步吗？2）辨析：exciting与excited exciting 意为“令人兴奋的，使人激动的”， 一般修饰某物。excited 意为“感到兴奋的，激动的”， 一般修饰某人。Eg：a.The story is_(exciting, excited) . b.He told me the_(exciting, excited)news. c.Sarah was_(exciting, excited)to see the singer.6. There are a lot of new buildings now现在有许多新的建筑物（P5）building 可数名词,意为“建筑物；楼房”。 build 动词，“建造，建筑” （built，built），The workers built many tall buildings in our school last year.7. I wonder what life was like here in the past. 我想知道在这儿过去的生活是什么样的。（P5）wonder此处是及物动词，意为“想知道；琢磨”。其后常接who, what, why等疑问词引导的宾语从句。 Eg：1.I wonder _. 我想知道那个男孩是谁。A. the boy is who B. who the boy is 2. I wonder what they were doing here.我想知道他去哪里了。 8.I really enjoyed walking around the town. 我真的很喜欢在镇上到处走走。 （P5）1）enjoy及物动词，意为“喜爱；欣赏；享受的乐趣”，其后接名词，代词或动名词作宾语。 a. Do you enjoy your job? 你喜欢你的工作吗？ b. I enjoy reading books. 我喜欢读书。(enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事) 拓展： enjoy oneself =have a good time = have fun 玩得开心 （+ doing sth.） 2）walk around 意为“四处走走”。Hes just walking around the village.他只是在村庄里随便走走。9. What a difference a day makes! 一天的变化有多大呀！ （P5）difference可数名词，意为“差别，差异” ；其形容词形式为different，意为“不同的；有差异的”。Eg: a. What is the difference between this book and that book?b. My schoolbag is different from yours. ( be different from 意为“与不同”)10. We wanted to walk up to the top , but then it started raining a little so we decided to take the train.（P5）1）want to do sth. 意为“想要做某事”。2）start doing sth. 意为“开始做某事”，同义短语：start to do sth.Eg: Tom started learning English last year. 3）a little 意为“一点儿”，在句中修饰动词、形容词或副词。也可以修饰不可数名词。Eg: a. I can draw a little, but only as a hobby. _b. Its a little cold outside. _c. He can speak a little English. _ 4) take the train意为“乘火车”，take在此意为“乘坐”。11.We waited over an hour for the train because there were too many people. 因为人太多，所以我们等了一个多小时的火车。（P5）1）wait for意为“等候”，其后可接人或物。Tom was waiting for a bus over there.2）over介词，意为“多于；超过” ，相当于more than。Eg : My father is over 40 years old. There are over eight hundred students in our school. 3) too many意为“太多”，其后接可数名词复数。 He always has too many questions to ask me.辨析：too many + 可数名词复数 意为“太多. ”too much + 不可数名词 意为“太多. ”much too + 形容词 /副词 意为“太. ”eg：I have homework to do today. The weather today is _ _ cold.12.And because of the bad weather, we couldnt see anything below.而且因为坏天气，我们也没能看到下面的任何景色（P5）辨析：because of与because a. because of意为“因为，由于”，后可接名词(短语)、代词或动名词，不能接句子。He lost his job because of his age. b. because意为“因为”，引导状语从句，即接句子。I didnt buy the shirt because it was too expensive.13. My father didnt bring enough money 我爸爸没带足够的钱（P5）1）辨析：bring与take bring意为“带来；拿来”， 指从别处带到说话者所在地。take意为“拿走；带走”， 指从说话者所在地带到别处去。2）enough 意为“足够的，充分的”1.用来修饰形容词或副词，一般置于被修饰词之后。2.用来修饰名词时放在名词之前。Eg：a. We have enough time to do our homework. b. The box is big enough.14. because we forgot to bring an umbrella 因为我们忘了带雨伞。（P6）辨析：forget to do sth.与forget doing sth. forget to do sth. 意为“忘记要做某事（事情还没做）” eg: Dont forget to close the window. forget doing sth. 意为“忘记做过某事（事情已经做过了）” eg: I forget closing the window. 15. About one hour later, we stopped and drank some tea. 大约一小时后，我们停下来喝了些茶。（P6）1）one hour later 一小时后 ； 一小时前_2）stop动词，意为“停止；中断”，过去式_，现在分词_；3）drink及物动词，意为“喝；饮”； 还可以作名词，意为“饮料”。16. Did you dislike anything? 你不喜欢什么东西吗？（P7） dislike意为“不喜欢；厌恶”，其后可接名词、代词或动名词形式作宾语。Eg：a. Mary _ the hamburgers. 玛丽不喜欢汉堡包。 b. I _ _ computer 我不喜欢玩电脑游戏。17. Why not? 为什么不带呀？（P8） why not意为“为什么不呢”，一般用在疑问句中，表示提建议；why not后面需跟动词原形。注“Why not + 动词原形?” 相当于“Why dont you+ 动词原形?” a. Why not go to the party with me? =Why dont you go to the party with me?为什么不和我一起去参加聚会呢？ b._ _ take a walk? = _ _ _ take a walk? 为什么不去散步呢？18.Everyone in our class took a bag with some food and water. 我们班上的每一个人都随身带了装有食物和水的提袋。（P8） with介词，意为“具有；带有”。 此处介词短语with some food and water作bag的后置定语。 拓展：with作介词时的其他用法：a.“和一起 I often go to school _ my friend. 我经常和朋友们一起去上学。b. 以（手段、材料），用（工具）， Cut the apple with a knife. 用刀切苹果。19. My legs were so tired that I wanted to stop. 我的双腿太累了以至于我都想停下来。（P8） sothat / suchthat（如此以致）引导的结果状语从句 so+adj./adv.+that Eg：1. He is _lovely a boy_we love him very much.2. The little boy is so young that he cant go to school. 20. 常用的感叹句的结构：1）What +adj.+ 复数名词 / 不可数名词+主语+谓语！ 2）What +a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！3）How +adj. +a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ 4）How+adj./adv. +主语+谓语！ eg: 1.What an interesting book it is! = How interesting a book is! 那本书多么有趣啊！ 2._a clever girl she is! A.Who B.What C.How D.Where3. _clever a girl she is A.Who B.What C.How D.Where4._important jobs they have done! A.What B.Who C.How D.Where5._sweet water it is! A.Who B.What C.Where D. How6._interesting the dog is! A.Who B.What C. Where D. How21. My classmates told me to keep going, so I went on. 我的同学告诉我坚持往前走，因此我便继续前进了（P8）1）tell sb. (not)to do sth. 意为“告诉某人（不要）做某事。 The teacher _ _ _ _ the window just now. 老师刚才告诉我们擦窗户。2）keep doing sth. 意为“继续做某事，一直做某事”。She_ _ TV for two hours last night. 昨晚她持续看了两个小时的电视。23. Everyone jumped up and down in excitement. 大家都兴奋地跳起来。（P8）up and down 意为“上上下下；来来回回”，在句中作状语。Eg：They looked me _ _ _. 他们上上下下打量我。 He walks_ _ _ in the room. 他在房间里来回走动。22. 反身代词：myself , ourselves, yourself , yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves. 作动词或介词的宾语：经常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, dress, kill等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。一年主考宾语回自身He is teaching himself English.她在自学英语。She was talking to herself.她自言自语。He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下。1) Help yourself! 请随便吃吧！/请自己去取吧!2) Make yourself at home! 别客气！3) make yourself heard /understood. 使你的话被人听得见/理解4) teach oneself 自学=learn by oneself5) by oneself 独自6) for oneself 为自己；替自己7) enjoy oneself 玩的愉快8) dress oneself 给自己穿衣1. Where did you go on vacation ? 你去哪儿度假？ vacation vken n 假期 = holiday on vacation 在度假 take a vacation 去度假 winter vacation 寒假 summer vacation 暑假2、We took quite a few photos there. 我们在那里照了好多相片。 quite a few“相当的，不少” few/a few、little/a little的用法区别：否定肯定所修饰的名词few没有，几乎没有 a few有几个可数名词复数little几乎没有。 a little有一点儿不可数名词 He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。 He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。 Few people live to be 100.很少人活到100岁。 There is little time left. Hurry up! 没多少时间了，快点儿！ Can you speak English? Yes, but only a little.你会说英语吗？会，但只会一点。take photos拍照