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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 3 : Text A,21st Century College English: Book 2,The Tale of a Cultural Translator,Unit Three: Text A,Lead-in Activities,Text Organization,Reading and Writing Skills,Language Points,Guided Practice,Assignment,Lead-in Activities,What kind of qualifications should be required to do well in a foreign company?,Whats cross-cultural communication?,List some conflicts caused by different cultures. How to solve the problem of conflicts?,Do you think language and culture are closely related? Why?,Questions for Discussion,I. Introduction of the topic: cultural differences conflicts need for a cultural translator,II.An example: Georges story,III. Conclusion: The first thing you need for the problems in a joint venture is a cultural translator.,The structure of Text A,Para. 1,Paras. 211,Para. 12,Text Organization,The article includes several paragraphs in which the author starts with a general observation and then presents a series of examples to illustrate his point. (,para,. 3, 9 ),The meaning of idiomatic expressions can be very hard to guess. Word formation clues dont always help, and can even mislead us entirely! But effective readers dont give up on the first try. They keep reading, in search of context clues examples, explanations, contrasts or parallel phrases that can help them figure out the meaning of idiomatic expressions.,Reading & Writing Skills,The Tale of a Cultural Translator,1,Joint ventures involving Western and Japanese companies often,run into,conflicts ,a multitude of little things that escalate into big emotional battles in which all the parties keep exclaiming:,“Whats wrong with them!? Can they understand that ?!” But because the conflicts are mainly due to cultural differences, neither side can understand unless they have a “cultural translator”.,Intensive Study,2,The first cultural translator I ever met was an installation engineer, George by name, who worked for an American company where I was the director of international operations. The company had just started a joint venture with a Japanese firm, and the American management needed someone to train the Japanese employees in its unique technology. Georges solid understanding of the equipment, its installation and use made him the best-qualified employee for the job, so everyone was happy when George accepted a two-year contract for temporary,transfer,to Japan.,Intensive Study,3,From the start, George was well,accepted,by all the Japanese employees. Japanese managers often distrust anyone sent to represent US owners,but George was so naturally nonassertive that no one could see him as a threat to their careers,. So they felt comfortable asking his advice on a wide range of matters, including the odd behavior of their partners across the ocean. Engineers throughout the company appreciated Georges expertise and his friendly and capable help, and they,got into the habit of,turning to him whenever they had a problem any problem. And the secretaries in the office were eager to help this nice bachelor learn Japanese.,Intensive Study,4,Sooner than anyone expected, the company became a profitable, thriving and growing venture. Georges first two-year contract,came to an end,. By then, he could speak good Japanese, and had,picked up,Japanese habits. He drank green tea,at all hours, ate rice at every meal and had even learned to sit properly on Japanese,tatami,mats. So when George was offered a second two-year Japanese contract, he accepted at once. Another contract followed, and Georges love affair with Japanese culture continued.,Intensive Study,5,But as Georges sixth year in the country was coming to an end, an unexpected difficulty became apparent: The Japanese engineers had,surpassed,George in their knowledge of the rapidly-changing technology. He had nothing left to teach them.,6,Was this the end for poor George? Was there nothing more he could offer to the now-matured joint venture he had served so loyally? Would he have to leave the country he had come to love? No!,Faced with,the threat of an unwilling departure from Japan,George reinvented himself as a “cultural translator”,.,Intensive Study,7,The idea came to George one day,when the Japanese joint-venture president was again offended by a message from the American management,. As usual in such situations, he,stormed,into Georges office and threw the message in front of him in a fury. And George, as usual, read the message and explained in his calm manner what the Americans had really meant by it, not what it sounded like in the context of Japanese culture.,Intensive Study,8,Fortunately for everyone, both the Japanese and American sides of the joint venture had heard enough horror stories about cultural conflicts to recognize the value of Georges skills, so when he proposed this new position for himself, the idea was quickly approved.,The wisdom of this decision was proved again and again over the years,.,Intensive Study,9,At times something far more important than good English was needed. One such case was when the Japanese accountant had to explain the $46,534 spent on 874 December-holiday presents. Or there was the time when the Japanese personnel manager had to,justify,keeping a chemist on the payroll even though the company no longer needed his expertise. In cases like these, everyone turned to George.,Intensive Study,10,Somehow or other, he made their messages sound at least halfway sensible to Americans,. And when there was something that even George couldnt “translated” into American-style sense, he would write, “This will sound crazy, but you should,go along with,it anyway.,Intensive Study,11,It worked the other way around, too,. When the American managers visited Japan, George accompanied us everywhere to,ensure,that we dont do or say anything too stupid from the Japanese viewpoint. Whenever we did that anyway, he came to the rescue at once: “What they really mean is ” Whole multitudes of difficulties never arose,thanks to,Georges skill at,smoothing over,small conflicts before they became big, emotional and costly.,Intensive Study,12,Since leaving that company in Georges capable hands, Ive advised many firms on international operations. And my first recommendation is always the same: Dont worry about language problems the first thing you need is a cultural translator.,(776 words),Intensive Study,run into,meet by chance; encounter unexpectedly,e.g.,I,ran into,Joe yesterday on Main street.,After a promising start, the company,ran into,debt.,Translate,如果你不当心，会碰到麻烦的。,Key,You will,run into,trouble if you dont take care., ,a multitude of,little things that escalate into big emotional battles in which all the parties keep exclaiming: “,a multitude of, a,very large number of,e.g.,We have to face,a multitude of,problems.,New talents have emerged in,multitudes,in theatrical circles.,More to learn, a multitude of little things that,escalate,into big emotional battles in which all the parties keep exclaiming: “,e.g.,The UN must do something before the war,escalated,beyond control.,The inflation rate has been,escalating,in many Asian countries.,escalate,v.,increase in intensity, degree, or amount; make or become greater or more serious,More to learn,e.g.,A third,party,from outside the village was brought in as a witness.,party,n.,person or people forming one side in a legal agreement or conflict, a multitude of little things that escalate into big emotional battles in which all the,parties,keep exclaiming: “,transfer,n.,the process by which sb. or sth. moves or is moved from one place, job,etc. to another,e.g.,David was fed up with his job in London so he asked for a,transfer,to the Paris office.,Translate,Blakes,transfer,to an Italian football club came as a shock to all his supporters.,Key,布莱克转会到一个意大利足球俱乐部令他的所有拥护者大为震惊。,accept (sb.),v.,think of (sb.) as part of the group and treat him in the same way as other members of it; treat (sb.) as welcome,e.g.,The children gradually began to,accept,her.,He was never really,accepted,by his fellow workers.,but George was so naturally nonassertive that no one could see him as a threat to their careers.,Paraphrase the sentence:,?,George was by nature so easy and modest that his presence in the joint venture didnt pose any threat to the positions of Japanese managers and employees,get into the habit of doing sth.,start to do sth. so often that it becomes a habit,e.g.,Hes,got into the habit of,switching on the TV as soon as he gets home.,I,got into the habit of,studying in the library when I was in college.,Fill in the blank,Once,_ (,他养成了用筷子吃饭的习惯,),he preferred them to a knife and fork.,hed,got into the habit of eating,with chopsticks,come to an end,stop; finish,e.g.,The teams run of success seems to,come to an end,.,And here the story,come to an end,.,Translate,When this temporary job,comes to an end, hell be unemployed again.,Key,这份临时工作干完以后，他就又失业了。,pick up,learn or acquire easily without making much effort,e.g.,George,picked up,a few Japanese phrases when he was on a business trip to Tokyo.,We need someone who will,pick the job up,quickly.,Translate,我不知道孩子们上哪儿学到这些无礼的字眼的！,Key,I dont know where my children have,picked up,those rude words!,at all hours,at any time; all the time,e.g.,The restaurant serves meals,at all hours,.,She is inclined to telephone,at all hours,of the day or night.,Tatami,Tatami is a rectangular mat used,as a floor covering in Japanese,houses. It consists of a thick straw,base and a soft, finely woven rush,cover with cloth borders. A tatami,Measures approximately 6 by 3 feet,(180 by 90 cm) and is about 2 inches (5 cm) thick.,Text-related information,surpass,v.,be even better or greater than; go beyond,e.g.,The latecomers,surpass,the early starters,.,Translate,你的优异表现已经超出了所有人的期望。,Key,Your excellent performance has,surpassed,everyones expectations.,be faced with,be confronted with; be made to meet (sth.bad or difficult),e.g.,Faced with,the threat of losing their jobs, the workers on strike decided to go back to work.,He,is faced with,a difficult choice after graduation: to go back to his hometown or stay in the big city.,Fill in the blank,_ (,面临严重的财政问题,),the company had to lay off some of the workers.,Faced with,severe financial problems, , George reinvented himself as a “cultural translator”.,Translate the sentence:,?,乔治将自己重新塑造成了一名“文化翻译”。,e.g.,My last question is,again,a somewhat personal one.,Again, thats very impossible.,The adverb,again,can be used to indicate and emphasize a similarity between the situation, action or subject that is happening or being discussed now and a previous one., when the Japanese joint-venture president was ,again, offended by a message from the American management.,storm,v.,move or walk quickly and noisily in an anger,e.g.,After the argument she,stormed,off.,He,stormed,round the house in a rage.,The wisdom of this decision was proved again and again over the years.,Paraphrase the sentence:,?,The decision (to act as a cultural translator) was proved sensible by one incident after another during all these years.,justify,v.,give good reasons for / to do (sth.),e.g.,Its hard to,justify,making everyone wait for so long.,Translate,你怎能为这样对待你的母亲而辩护？,Key,How can you,justify,yourself for treating your mother like that?,Somehow or other, he made their message sound at least halfway sensible to Americans.,somehow or other,in some way; in one way or another,e.g.,Somehow or other, we will get the machine working again.,Dont keep the secret from him; he will know it,somehow or other,.,More to learn,e.g.,Any,halfway,decent teacher should be able to explain it.,He,halfway,surrendered to their demands.,Somehow or other, he made their message sound at least,halfway,sensible to Americans.,The word,halfway,is used as an adverb to mean fairly or reasonably.,go along with,agree with; accept; support,e.g.,Shell,go along with,your decision.,Well,go along with,your suggestions, although theyre not exactly what we want.,It worked the other way around, too.,Paraphrase the sentence:,?,It was also effective with messages from the American management to the Japanese.,ensure,v.,make sure, guarantee,e.g.,This letter will,ensure,you an interview.,The door did not lock, but at least it,ensured,a reasonable amount of privacy.,Translate,This medicine will,ensure,you a nights good sleep.,Key,这药可以保证你一夜好睡。,e.g.,Thanks to,a cool summer, our electricity bills have been very low.,The play was a great success,thanks to,the effort and commitment of everyone involved.,Cf.,due to,because of,e.g.,It is reported that,accidents,due to,driving at high,speed,have increased a lot.,thanks to,because of; owing to; with the help of,More to do,1.,The big emotional battles are mainly _ cultural differences.,2.,One company I worked for avoided this entire problem _ the sensitivity of one of their employees.,V.,Study the use of “,due to,” and “,thanks to,” and then use them to complete the following sentences.,due to,thanks to,Exercises,Vocabulary,读写教程 II:,Ex. V, p. 79,3.,_ circumstances beyond our control, the store will be closed for the entire month of August.,4. _ effort and good will of everyone involved, the Christmas party was a great success.,Due to,Thanks to,V.,Study the use of “,due to,” and “,thanks to,” and then use them to complete the following sentences.,Exercises,Vocabulary,5.,All flights have been delayed _ a thick fog.,6.,_ the publics generous donations, the earthquake victims were able to rebuild their homes within two months.,due to,thanks to,V.,Study the use of “,due to,” and “,thanks to,” and then use them to complete the following sentences.,Exercises,Vocabulary,smooth over,make (problems or difficulties) seem less serious or more pleasant,e.g.,Perhaps a gift of flowers will help to,smooth,your quarrel,over,.,Translate,比尔试图平息和妻子的争吵。,Key,Bill tried to,smooth over,his argument with his wife.,Guided Practice,Vocabulary,Cloze,Translation,Structure Writing,1.,We expected Ellen to do well, but when she got straight As she _ all our expectations.,Vocabulary,2.,You made a good decision, and I thoroughly _ of it.,III.Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,thrive,represent,ensure,surpass,qualified,conflict,escalate,apparent,justify,approve,surpassed,approved,3.,They arrived at the stadium three hours early to _ that theyd get good seats.,Vocabulary,4.,The company is now _ thanks to the skillful management and outstanding technology.,III.Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,thrive,represent,ensure,surpass,qualified,conflict,escalate,apparent,justify,approve,ensure,thriving,5.,The directors disagreement rapidly _ into a fight, so the meeting became more exciting than anyone had expected.,Vocabulary,6.As a junior member of the schools teaching staff, Janet didnt feel _ to discuss the issue with the principal.,III.Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,thrive,represent,ensure,surpass,qualified,conflict,escalate,apparent,justify,approve,escalated,qualified,7.,The 20-year-old tennis players dream is to _ China at the next Olympics.,Vocabulary,8.,It was becoming _ that the elderly chemists skills were no longer needed.,III.Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,thrive,represent,ensure,surpass,qualified,conflict,escalate,apparent,justify,approve,represent,apparent,9.I dont understand how you can _ spending money on space exploration when there are hungry children in the world.,Vocabulary,10.,Many of the _ that spring from cultural differences can be avoided if you keep an open mind.,III.Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,thrive,represent,ensure,surpass,qualified,conflict,escalate,apparent,justify,approve,justify,conflicts,From each of the pairs listed on the right, choose the word that best fills each blank.,Cloze,读写教程 II:,Ex. VIII, p. 81,The biggest problem that “cultural translators” have to solve is caused by very subtle cultural differences. _ the most troublesome cultural _ that international joint ventures have to cope with is the process by which decisions are _. The biggest difficulty is simply _ that decision-making is a cultural issue. _ very few people are actually _ the decision-making norms that those norms are far from universal.,Among / Amid,contracts / conflicts,made / done,understand / understanding,Due to / Since,awakened to / conscious of,Among,conflicts,made,understanding,Since,conscious of,Cloze,_ when they _ a different decision-making style they become first confused, then impatient _ the other parties “inability” to make a decision. “Whats wrong with them are they _ or just stupid?!” The next phase is most often a determination to each the other side “the right way” to make a decision _, their way.,7.So / Then,8.run into / enter,9.by / with,10.crazy / capable,11.by name / that is,with,crazy,that is,Cloze,So,run into,But _ the other side (whoever it is) feels exactly the same way about their “right way”, the results of this teaching effort are usually profoundly non-educational. _ when the situation becomes truly ugly, _ into a total cultural war in which both _ accuse the other side of incompetence and non-cooperation.,12.since / whereas,13. Thats / Theres,14.escalated / escalating,15.personnel / parties,Thats,escalating,parties,Cloze,since,Translation,读写教程 II:,Ex. X, p. 82,When the temporary job came to an end , George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.,Translation,1.,当那份临时性的工作结束时，人家给乔治提供了一份永久性的（permanent）工作，他马上就接受了。,come to an end,be offered,To ensure that their joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translator.,2.,为了确保他们在日本的合资企业赢利，那些美国公司比之语言翻译来说更需要文化翻译。,ensure,profitable,even more than,Translation,As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside his field of expertise.,3.,作为一名文化翻译，乔治渴望帮助那些就许许多多事情来向他求助的日方雇员，包括属于他专业知识范围之内和之外的问题。,be eager to help,came to ask his advice on,his field of expertise,Translation,Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountants decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.,4.,乔治用某种方法说服美方经理接受了日方会计师的决定，从而缓解了两人,之间的冲突。,somehow or other,go along with,smooth over,Translation,Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.,5.,美方经理与日方经理之间的确有时会发生冲突和争论。但由于双方都很有见识进行妥协，才防止了这些冲突和争论激化为感情大战。,arise,have the good sense,escalate into,Translation,All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated Georges frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.,6.,所有的日方雇员，包括人事经理在内，都很感激乔治在他们遇到的众多问题上所给予的经常帮助。,run into,the multitude of,Translation,My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please dont get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.,7.,我的日语还不足以很好地表达我的思想，所以如果我有时说了些愚蠢的话，请不要生气。,not enough to,express myself,get offended,Translation,With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr. Zhang is
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