高层建筑High-RiseBuilding

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,LESSON15,High-RiseBuildings,BackgroundKnowledge,本单,元,元涉,及,及的,课,课程,：,：,高,高层,建,建筑,结,结构,高层,建,建筑,经,经过,长,长期,的,的发,展,展，,其,其主,要,要材,料,料为,钢,钢材,、,、钢,筋,筋混,凝,凝土,，,，主,要,要结,构,构体,系,系为,框,框架,结,结构,、,、剪,力,力墙,结,结构,体,体系,、,、框,架,架,剪,剪力,墙,墙结,构,构(,筒,筒体)体,系,系、,筒,筒体,结,结构,和,和巨,型,型结,构,构等,。,。,本课,文,文主,要,要涉,及,及了,高,高层,建,建筑,的,的受,力,力特,点,点,、,、设,计,计理,念,念等,。,。,Part1TheFirstDevelopmentofTallBuilding,PlanforWarOffice,England,1857,NewWordsandExpressionofPart1,Paragraph1,shaft n. 电梯,井,井,theoverturningmoment,倾,倾覆,力,力矩；倾,翻,翻力矩,theshear deflection,剪,剪,力,力变形,It is difficultto define ahigh-rise building.A mid-rise buildinggenerally less than10 stories (28m). Thus ahigh-rise buildingis one thathasat least10storiesor more.Although the basicprinciples of vertical and horizontal subsystemdesign remain the same for mid-,orhigh-rise buildings,when abuildinggets high the verticalsubsystems become acontrollingproblemfortworeasons.,Paragraph 1,(thevertical subsystemsiscontrollingproblemforhigh-rise buildings),Higher verticalloads will require larger columns, walls, and,shafts,. But, moresignificantly, the,overturningmoment,andthe,shear deflections,producedbylateralforces are muchlarger and mustbecarefully provided for.,Paragraph 1,(thevertical subsystemsiscontrollingproblemforhigh-rise buildings),Theverticalsubsystemsin ahigh-rise buildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityload from storytostory,thusrequiring larger columnorwallsections tosupportsuch loading. In addition,these same verticalsubsystems musttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicactions,tothefoundations.,Paragraph 2,(lateralload effects applied onthevertical subsystems),However,incontrast tovertical load,lateralloadeffectsonbuildings are not linearandincrease rapidly with increasein height.,Forexample,underwindload,theoverturningmoment,atthebaseofa building,variesapproximatelyasthesquare of theheightofthe building,andthe lateraldeflection,atthetop of abuilding,mayvaryasthefourth,power,ofbuildingheight, other thingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesaneven morepronouncedeffect.,Paragraph2,(lateralload effectsappliedontheverticalsubsystems),在风荷,载,载作用,下,下，建,筑,筑基础,处,处的倾,覆,覆力矩,大,大致是,随,随建筑,高,高度的,二,二次方,变,变化，,建,建筑物,顶,顶部的,水,水平挠,度,度随建,筑,筑高度,的,的四次,方,方变化,。,。,powern.,幂,幂,thepoweroffour,the fourthpower,四,四次方,When thestructurefor amid-risebuildingisdesignedfor deadand liveload,it is almostaninherentpropertythat thecolumns,walls,and stair or elevator shaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.,The problem isprimarilyone of shear resistance.,.,Paragraph3,(shear resistance ofa mid-rise building),问题主要是,剪,剪力抵抗。,Moderate,additionalbracing,for rigidframes in,“,“short” buildings can easily be providedby filling certainpanels (orevenallpanels) withoutincreasing thesizes ofthe columns andgirders,otherwiserequired for vertical loads,.,additionalbracing,附,附加的支撑,Paragraph3,(shear resistance ofa mid-rise building),如无特殊竖,向,向承载需要,，,，（矮建筑,中,中）框架体,系,系无需加大,柱,柱和梁的尺,寸,寸，只通过,设,设置某些填,充,充墙板（或,全,全部填充墙,）,）就可以轻,易,易地实现中,等,等强度的附,加,加支撑（以,抵,抵抗剪力）,。,。,Unfortunately,thisis not sofor high rise buildings because theproblem is primarily resistance tomoment and deflection ratherthanshearalone.,Special structural arrangements will often have tobe made and additional structuralmaterial is always required for thecolumns,girders, walls,andslabsin order to make a high rise building sufficientlyresistantto much higherlateral loadsand deformations,Paragraph4,(Resistance tomomentanddeflection,，,，andshearforhigh-risebuildings),为了使高层,建,建筑对更高,的,的水平荷载,与,与变形有足,够,够的抵抗能,力,力，常常需,要,要做特殊的,结,结构布置、,且,且柱、主梁,、,、墙、板需,要,要额外的结,构,构材料。,As previously mentioned,the quantity ofstructural materialrequiredper squarefootof floorof ahigh-risebuilding is,in excessof,thatrequired for alow rise building. The vertical components carrying thegravity load,suchas walls,columns, and shafts,willneedto be strengthenedoverthe full heightof the building.,Paragraph5,(howthe weightof structuralsteelincreasesas the numberof storiesincreases),in excessof,超,超过；较,为,为多,But quantity ofmaterialsrequiredfor resisting lateral forces is even more significant.,The graph,shownin Fig. 25. 1i,llustrates,how the weightof structural steelin poundsper squarefeetof floorincreasesas the number of storiesincreasesfrom1 upto 100.,图25.1,说,说明了当楼,层,层从1增加,到,到100时,，,，楼板每平,方,方英尺结构,用,用钢重量的,增,增长。,Paragraph5,(howthe weightof structuralsteelincreasesas the numberof storiesincreases),Notethatby using optimum structural systemswithsuitablewidthandarrangement, the additional material requiredforlateral force resistancecan be controlled such that, even for buildings of100stories,the totalstructuralweight ofsteel maybe only about34 poundsper squarefoot,whereas itis notedpreviously, some buildings quite abit shorter requiremuchmorestructuralsteel.,Paragraph5,(howthe weightof structuralsteelincreasesas the numberof storiesincreases),现在意识到,，,，经过合适,的,的尺度和布,局,局进行结构,体,体系优化，,抵,抵抗水平力,所,所需要的额,外,外材料可以,控,控制到如下,程,程度：即使100层，,结,结构钢材总,重,重也可以是34磅每平,方,方英尺，然,而,而，以前认,为,为某些建筑,中,中缺少相当,多,多的结构钢,材,材。,CurveA inFig.25.1represents the averageunit weightofa conventionalframewithincreasing numbersof stories. Curve Brepresentstheaverage steel weightif the frame is protected from alllateral loads.Thegap between theupper boundaryandthe lowerboundary representsthe premium forheight for thetraditional column-and-beam frame.Structural engineers have developed structural systemswitha view toeliminating this,premium,.,premium pri:mimn. 额,外,外费用,曲线B代表,平,平均钢材重,量,量，如果框,架,架免受水平,荷,荷载影响。,Paragraph5,(howthe weightof structuralsteelincreasesas the numberof storiesincreases),曲线A代表,随,随着层数增,加,加的传统框,架,架的平均单,位,位重量。,曲线B代表,平,平均钢材重,量,量，如果框架免,受,受水平荷载,影,影响。,A线代表材,料,料用量随高,度,度增加的趋,势,势，B线表,示,示，如果不,受,受水平荷载,作,作用，其材,料,料重量随高,度,度增加的趋,势,势，中间部,分,分表示的就,是,是随高度增,加,加，水平荷,载,载引起的材,料,料重量的增,加,加，设计人,员,员要合理布,置,置，以使这,个,个值降低,Withreinforcedconcrete,thequantity of materialalsoincreasesas the numberof storiesincreases.,But here it should be noted that the increasein the weightof material added for gravityloadis much more,sizable,thanfor steel,whereas for wind load theincreasefor lateral force resistance is notthatmuchmoresince theweight ofa concrete buildinghelps toresist overturn.,Paragraph6,sizable saizbl adj. 相,当,当大的,p245,On the other hand, the inherently greater,mass,ofa,concretebuildingcan,aggravate,theproblemofdesignforearthquakeactions.Additionalmassintheupperfloorswill,giveriseto,agreateroveralllateralforceundertheactionofseismiceffects.,Paragraph6,massn.,质,质量,aggravate,rveitvt.,加,加重,；,；使,恶,恶化,giveriseto,使,使发,生,生，,引,引起,Inthecaseofeitherconcreteorsteeldesign,therearecertainbasicprinciplesforprovidingadditionalresistancetolateralforcesanddeflectionsinhigh-risebuildingswithouttoomuchsacrificeineconomy:,Paragraph7-14,sacrificeskrifaisn.,牺,牺牲,；,；供,奉,奉；,祭,祭品,1.,Increasetheeffectivewidthofthemoment-resistingsubsystems.,Thisisveryusefulbecauseincreasingthewidthwillcutdowntheoverturnforcedirectlyandwillreducedeflectionbythethirdpowerofthewidthincrease,（,（以,宽,宽度,增,增长,的,的三,次,次方,）,）,otherthingsremainingconstant.,However,thisdoesrequirethattheverticalcomponentsofthewidenedsubsystembesuitablyconnectedtoactuallygainthisbenefit.,Paragraph8,然而,为,为了,获,获得,这,这个,优,优点,，,，需,要,要加,宽,宽体,系,系的,竖,竖向,构,构件,被,被合,理,理连,接,接。,2.,Designsubsystemssuch thatthe componentsare madetointeractinthe mostefficient manner.,Forexample,use truss systemswith,chords,and,diagonals,efficientlystressed,placereinforcingfor walls at critical locations,and optimize stiffnessratiosfor rigid frames.,Paragraph9,构件以,最,最有效,的,的方式,互,互相影,响,响这样,设,设计子,系,系统。,chordk:dn.,弦,弦；,和,和弦,diagonalsdai,n,ln.,对,对角,线,线；斜,线,线,3.,Increasethematerialinthe mosteffective resistingcomponents.,Forexample,materialsaddedinthe,lowerfloors,tothe,flanges,ofcolumnsandconnectinggirders,will directly decrease theoverall deflectionand increase themomentresistancewithout contributingmass in the,upperfloors,wheretheearthquakeproblem is aggravated.,Paragraph10,在低层,楼,楼柱翼,缘,缘和连,接,接梁处,增,增加的,材,材料,lowerfloor,下,下,层,层楼,flangeflndn.,翼,翼缘,增加最,有,有效的,抗,抗弯构,件,件的截,面,面。例,如,如，增,加,加较低,层,层柱以,及,及连接,大,大梁的,翼,翼缘截,面,面，将,可,可直接,减,减少侧,向,向位移,和,和增加,抗,抗弯能,力,力，而,不,不会加,大,大上层,楼,楼面的,质,质量，,否,否则，,地,地震问,题,题将更,加,加严重,。,。,4.,Arrange tohavethegreater part ofverticalloadsbe carried directlyon the primarymoment-resisting components.,Thiswillhelpstabilizethe building againsttensile overturningforces byprecompressingthemajoroverturn-resistingcomponents.,Paragraph11,布置得使更,多,多部分的竖,向,向荷载直接,由,由主要的弯,矩,矩抵抗构件,承,承担。,P245,5.,The localshearin each storycan be best resistedby strategic placement of solid walls or theuseof diagonal membersin avertical subsystem.,Resistingtheseshears solelyby vertical membersin bendingis usually less economical, sinceachievingsufficientbending resistancein the columnsand connectinggirders will requiremorematerialand construction energy than usingwallsor diagonal members.,Paragraph12,P245,6. Sufficient,horizontaldiaphragmaction,should beprovided at each floor. This will help to bring the variousresistingelements to work togetherinstead of separately.,Paragraph13,diaphragmdai,frm n.,横,横隔膜,隔,隔板horizontal diaphragm action,水,水平隔,板,板作用,每层应加设,充,充足的水平,隔,隔板（,指的是楼板,）,。这样就会,使,使各种抗力,构,构件更好地,在,在一起工作,，,，而不是单,独,独工作。,7. Create,mega-frames,by,joining large vertical and horizontal components,suchas two ormoreelevator shaftsat multistoryintervalswitha heavy floor subsystem,or byuseof very deep girdertrusses.,Paragraph14,mega-frame,巨,巨型,框,框架,通过连接大,型,型竖向和水,平,平构件以形,成,成巨型框架,，,，,像两个或更,多,多的电梯井,与,与间隔几层,的,的楼板系统,相,相连接,2.5 巨,型,型结构,2.5.1,巨,巨型框架结,构,构,是用筒体作,柱,柱子，用高,度,度很大的水,平,平构件做梁,。,。它的优点,是,是在上下两,层,层横梁之间,，,，有较大的,灵,灵活空间，,可,可以布置小,框,框架形成多,层,层房间，满,足,足建筑需要,。,。,2.5.2.悬挂,结,结构香,港,港汇丰银,行,行,看看上面3页的图,就,就明白啦,Rememberthat all high-risebuildings are essentially vertical cantileverskntili:v, -levwhich are supportedat the ground. Whentheabove principlesarejudiciouslydu:di,sli明智,地,地applied,structurally desirableschemescanbe obtainedby walls, cores,rigid frames, tubular construction,andother verticalsubsystems to achieve horizontalstrength and rigidity.,Paragraph15,(summaryoftheaboveprinciples),corek,:n.,核,核,心,心,coreconstruction,核,心,心,筒,筒,结,结,构,构,tubularconstruction,筒,筒,体,体,结,结,构,构,这,是,是,框,框,架,架,里,里,加,加,填,填,充,充,墙,墙,的,的,，,，,抗,抗,剪,剪,，,，,当,当,然,然,，,，,这,这,是,是,没,没,抗,抗,好,好,的,的,汶,川,川,地,地,震,震,的,的,图,图,片,片,GroupDiscussion,topic,1.SeetheshortfilmofBurjDubai.,(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),2.Discussthedifferencesbetweensteelhigh-risebuildingandreinforcedconcretehigh-risebuilding.,Assignment,1.Reviewthetextandtheimportantwordsandphrase;,2.Translatetheparagraph4intoChinese;,3.Read the after-text readingmaterials.,Prepare areport (250300words) about the structure ofhigh-risebuilding.,