专业英语语法

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Coordination,Coordination,I.Coordinators,And,and related coordinators,Or,and related coordinators,But,and related coordinators,II.Punctuation between coordinated units,Subordination,Subordinators,Subordinate clauses,Finite subordinate clauses,Non-finite and verbless clauses,Coordination is typically realized by coordinators(also termed coordinating conjunctions)which join units at the same level,whereas subordination,realized by subordinators(also termed subordinating conjunctions),involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy.,A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.The difference between coordination and subordination also lies in the amount of importance the speaker wishes to attach to the joined constituents.The syntactic equality between the coordinated units tends to bring with it the semantic equality.,In a typical case of coordination,the relation between the two units is practically reversible:,Peter,and,Susan,=Susan,and,Peter,Peter is a doctor,and,Susan is a nurse.,=Susan is a nurse,and,Peter is a doctor.,In subordination,however,the subordinate clause tends to offer the background information in support of the main clause,a semantic hierarchy that results from the syntactic inequality:,Well have a picnic,if,its fine tomorrow.,Because,they had finished their work,they went back home.,1)Central coordinators:,and,or,but,2)Correlative coordinators:,both.and,either.or,not.but,neither.nor,not only.but also,3)Semi-coordinators:,nor,so,yet,4)Quasi-coordinators:,as well as,as much as,rather than,more than,a.,And,and related coordinators,Other coordinators which are able to perform a similar function include:,both.and,not only.but also,as well as,not.or,not.nor,neither.nor,etc.:,1)I gave her a cup of tea,and,some biscuits.,2)Both,my wife,and,I will be coming to see you a week today.,3)She is,not only,pretty,but also,intelligent.,4)He gave me money,as well as,advice.,5)Not,a fly,nor,a mosquito was to be found.,6)He does,nt,like football,or,basketball.,7)He,neither,smokes,nor,drinks.,Different meaning of,and,1)The professor went into the classroom,opened his notebook,and,started the lecture.,(chronological sequence of events),2)He heard his dog bark at the door,and,he looked out of the window only to find that his house was surrounded by a large crowd of angry people.,(cause and effect),3)Work harder,and,youll pass the test.,(condition),4)Liz is talkative,and,her husband is reserved.,(contrast),5)English is difficult to learn,and,so is French.,(similarity),6)He is a chain smoker,and,he stinks all over.,(addition),7)She ran,and,ran until she was out of breath.,(repeated or continuing action),In informal English,and,is commonly used after,come,go,try,wait,etc.as an alternative to the infinitive marker,to,to suggest purpose:,Come and have,tea with us.,Ill,go and see,if shes OK.,Lets,wait and see,.,Try and get,some coffee.,Stay and have,dinner with us,will you?,We ought to,stop and think,.,Hurry up and get,dressed.,b.,Or,and related coordinators,When we use,or,we usually talk about alternatives:,1)Which do you prefer,tea,or,coffee?,2)We have the alternative of going,or,staying.,3)Which John would you like to talk to,with,or,without beard?,4)Do it now,or,youre fired.,5)Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place such as Venice,or,Florence,or,somewhere like that.,Either.or,usually relates to two possibilities only and emphasizes the exclusive meaning of,or,:,1)You can,either,come with me,or,stay at home.,2)Either,you do it now,or,youre fired.,Or,is also found in some established expressions,where it still introduces an alternative:,1)Give me five minutes,or so,and Ill finish the work.(about five minutes/five minutes or more),2)Clean up the mess,or else,!(used as a threat),3)You may stay here for a day,or two,.,(a day or more/at least a day),4)The tribe was called Milwaukee,or something,.(showing that the speaker is not sure),c.,But,and related coordinators,As a coordinator,but,expresses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by,yet,while,whereas,etc.,1)They are poor,but/yet,proud.,2)I am objecting to his morals,but/yet,not to his manners.,3)We had intended to come and see you,but/yet,it rained.,4)He is not brave,but,bold.,5)You like sports,while/whereas/but/yet,Id rather read.,6)While/Whereas,they want a house,we would rather live in a flat.,2.Punctuation between coordinated units,What I need after a days hard work is,a hot shower,a cigarette and a nice cup of,coffee,.,He didnt play,football,basketball or volleyball,.,He was,tall,dark and handsome,.,The room is,small,clean and cozy.,(When adjectives come in the predicative position,we usually put,and,before the last one),a small,clean,cozy room,a tall,dark,handsome man,(With these gradable adjectives in the attributive position,which denote qualities,we often use commas between them),1)the countrys,social,economic and politi