《管理学专业英语教程(第4版)》教学ppt课件—lesson11-Characteristics-of-Management-Science

,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,LOGO,LOGO,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Fudan University,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Characteristics of Management Science,管理学专业英语教程（第四版）,Characteristics of Management,Outlines,1,2,3,Some Observations on the Discipline,A Business as a System,The Business as a Set of Beliefs,4,5,Uncertainty in Business,Opportunities in Management Science,Outlines123 Some Obse,Some Observations on the Discipline,Management Science,Broadly with business activities,Be different than the physical sciences,But,Someone do not accept the difference,By abstracting from people as subjects only those characteristics that are ascribable to things.,Some Observations on the Disci,Some Observations on the Discipline,Fudan University,Regularities can be observed directly,Values can be objectively stated,Management Science are limited to business matters already held fixed,Avoid two basic issues,the need for exploring and portraying the relations of businessmens assumptions and values to systems for attaining effective joint performance among people,the need for effective means for conveying knowledge of such relationships to such people.,Some Observations on the Disci,Some Observations on the Discipline,Fudan University,The results of research work are expressed in terms,Those employed for the broader study of business operations,Conclusion,All,operations are constituted in ways similar to basically routine operations,and similarly are amenable to scientific arrangement in the narrow sense.,Similar,Some Observations on the Disci,A Business as a System,How men would act under a given set of circumstances,How men can then be manipulated to achieve a certain result then mechanistic systems could be built of much larger scope,and they would make sense.,Fudan University,Business,Represented and described,Some kind of system,The system of the Electrical Engineer or the Mathematician,Describe the behavior of people,A Business as a SystemHow men,A Business as a System,A paradox here.For:,Fudan University,1.Are the simple assumptions truly representative of what men seek with the systems they have created?,2.If such a function is assumed as representative,can one discover how men should behave to achieve such an objective?,3.If such optimal behavior is then disclosed,will not there arise in the very minds,ought we to act this way?,A Business as a SystemA parado,A Business as a System,Appears that,Fudan University,Process of observing,deriving and disclosing,What has been observed.,influence,But,Unless the people in the business change their assumptions,objectives,beliefs and knowledge,there can be no hope of achieving maximization,minimization or optimization of even those simple objective functions,A Business as a SystemAppears,A Business as a System,The important point:,cannot study them as though they were transducers,selsyns or computers-as depersonalized elements of the system alone.,Fudan University,Their actions affect the systems design and performance.,Because,A Business as a SystemThe impo,The Business as a Set of Beliefs,A unique property:the property of man-made purpose,The point here is again that unless beliefs are changed,there can be no change in effectiveness.,Fudan University,The Business as a Set of Belie,Uncertainty in Business,Inanimate nature:,founded on the quite justifiable expectation of regularity,reproducibility and immutability,Business:,founded in the perception of an opportunity of limited scope and variety in an environment of virtually unlimited variety,Encounter unpredictable change and inevitable risk,Uncertainty in BusinessInanima,Uncertainty in Business,However,Methods of empiricall