WTO规则中英文教程第四章贸易政策审查机制

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,第四章,WTO,贸易政策审查机制,WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism,一、概述,审查各国的贸易政策是WTO重要职能之一。WTO贸易政策审查机制(TPRM)是由WTO文件?贸易政策审查机制?(Trade Policy Review Mechanism,TPRM)确立的。?贸易政策审查机制?内容分目标、国内透明度、审查程序、报告、与?GATT 1994?和GATS的收支条款的关系、对机制的评价及国际贸易环境开展的总评价等7局部。,WTO贸易政策审查是提高WTO各成员贸易政策法规透明度重要手段。但须说明的是这种审查不是适用WTO争端解决机制的根底，也并不因此要求成员作出新的政策上的承诺。另一方面，WTO也鼓励WTO成员增强其在有关贸易政策国内决策方面的透明度。当然这必须建立在自愿的根底上on a voluntary basis并且由各成员国根据其法律和政治制度自主决定是否这样做。,二、WTO“贸易政策审查的含义,WTO“贸易政策审查是由WTO贸易政策审查机构TPRB对每个成员的贸易政策、做法及其对多边贸易体制的影响进行的审查和评估，以确保WTO多边贸易规那么及各成员的承诺得到更好的遵守,增加各成员贸易政策和做法的透明度，并加强成员彼此之间的理解。,重要的二项审查内容,三.审查频率Review Frequency,1、一般规那么(General rules),The trade policies and practices of all Members will be subject to periodic review.The frequency of reviews is decided by a Members share of world trade in a recent representative period.The first four trading entities so identified(for example,the United States,European Union,China and Japan,i.e.the so-called“four-horse carriages in the present world trade)are subject to review every two years.The next 16 trading entities will be reviewed every four years.Other Members will be reviewed every six years.Nevertheless,a longer interval will be fixed for least-developed country Members.,所有WTO成员的贸易政策和做法将被定期审查。这种审查的频率主要决定于各成员在最近代表期内占世界贸易的份额。以此确定的前四个贸易实体如美国、中国、欧盟和日本，即当前世界贸易中的“四驾马车每两年审查一次，随后的16个成员每四年审查一次，其他成员国每六年审查一次，但是对最不兴旺成员国的审查间隔期将更长。,In addition,if changes in a Members trade policies or practices have a significant impact on its trading partners,the TPRB may bring forward its next review of the related policies or practices of this Member.,另外，如果一个成员的贸易政策和做法的变化对其贸易伙伴有重大的影响，,TPRB,可提前进行新的审查。,2,、针对中国的特殊安排,在我国?参加议定书?中规定：,The review of the implementation by China of the WTO rules and the provisions of the Protocol on the Accession of the PRC will take place after accession in each year for eight years.There will be a final review in year 10 or at an earlier date decided by the General Council.,对中国实施WTO规那么和?中国参加议定书?中规定的审查将在中国参加WTO后的8年内每年都要进行。在参加后的第10年进行最后的审查，或由总理事会决定提前进行这种最后的审查。,四、贸易政策审查需准备的文件,Secretariat report,Government report,Revisions of the above documents may be issued approximately 2weeks after the meeting.,Chairpersons concluding remarks,Minutes of the meeting are available approximately 6 weeks after the meeting.,Questions and answers by WTO Members are available approximately 6 weeks after the meeting.,五、审查程序,WTO,贸易政策审查程序主要包括以下五个步骤：,1.The TPRB meetings will concentrate on discussing the Members trade policies and practices.,2.The TPRB will establish a programme of reviews for each year in consultation with the Members directly concerned.,3.The TPRB shall base its work on a full report describing the trade policies and practices supplied by the Member or Members under review.,4.The reports by the Member under review and by the Secretariat,together with the minutes of the respective meeting of the TPRB,will be published promptly after the review.,5.These documents above-said will be forwarded to the Ministerial Conference.,1、TPRB会议将集中讨论各成员的有关贸易政策和惯例。,2、TPRB为审查制定方案。,3、TPRB根据成员提交的一份完整的报告和秘书处根据有关信息或有关成员的报告起草的的一份新的报告进行工作,4、成员提交的报告及TPRB每次会议纪要在实施贸易政策审查后都应立即公布。,5、上述这些文件将被提交给部长会议。,六、贸易政策审议中的通报制度,In order to achieve the fullest possible degree of transparency,WTO requires each Member report fully and regularly to the TPRB the trade policies and practices pursued by the Member or Members concerned and,between reviews,provide brief reports on any significant changes in their trade policies.,为了保证各国贸易政策最大程度的透明度，,WTO,要求每个成员定期地向,TPRB,全面报告其或其他成员所实行的贸易政策和做法、其年度统计信息，并提供有关在审查期间贸易政策作重大调整的简要报告。,Reporting Provisions,The Members should report fully and regularly to the TPRB the trade policies and practices,Providing brief reports on any significant policy changes.,第二节,WTO,对中国的贸易政策审查,Trade Policy Review of China Under the WTO TPRM,自中国2001年12月11日参加WTO以来，WTO利用其贸易政策审查机制对中国的贸易政策和措施及其对多边贸易体制的影响进行了屡次审查。,前四次审查的时间,第一次：2006年4月19日至21日；,第二次：2021年5月21至23日；,第三次：2021年5月 31日至6月2日；,第四次：2021年6月12日至14日。,一种现象,事实上WTO对中国的贸易审查频率是每两年审查一次，尽管中国在2021年已成为世界第二大出口国和第三大进口国。,一、与对中国贸易政策审查有关的文件,1、WTO秘书处报告。该报告包括：,1目录与概述,2贸易与投资体制,3贸易政策和措施,4分部门贸易政策,5附表,2,、被审查国提交的政府报告；,3,、主席总结报告；,4,、会议记录。该文件在审查会议结束大约第,6,周后会被发布。,5,、,WTO,成员问与答的文件。这份文件也是在审查会议结束大约第,6,周后会被发布。,二、贸易政策审查主席报告的主要内容,(Major Contents of Chairman Report on Trade Policy Review of China),一概述自上一次贸易政策审查以来中国经济贸易开展状况MajorEconomic and Trade Situations in China,二有关WTO成员所提出的主要问题Certain Issues Submitted by Other Members,三、对中国贸易政策的审查举例,A Review of Chinas AD Regulation,(G/ADP/M/22),Time:October 2002,Article 55:Anti-circumvention,Article 56:Trading Retaliation,The US:How China intended to identify and address evasion of anti-dumping measures.,Article 55,56 of AD Regulation,MOFCOM may take appropriate measures to prevent the circumvention of AD measures.(Art.55),Where a country discriminatorily imposes AD measures on the exports from the PRC,China may,on the basis of the actual situations,take corresponding measures against that country.(Art.56),Articl