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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/6/3,#,Lexicology,Lexicology,1,Types of Semantic Change,(,词义的变化方式,),Types of Semantic Change(词义的变,2,1,：,Generalization,(,词义的扩展,),又称,：,extension,Meaning:,The word“generalization”is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning.,“,picture”,原义词,:,only a painted.,扩展后的意义,:,a drawing,a photograph and so on.,“thing”,原义词,:,a political or judicial assembly.,(,治会议或审判大会,),扩展后的意义,:,as a ting an eventually this meaning of“matter”.,1：Generalization(词义的扩展)又称：ext,3,原义,扩展后的意义,1:bribery,给乞丐的残羹剩饭,行贿；受贿,2:economy,家庭料理 经济,3:influence,古代星占学家用来指一种从 影响,强大物质星际降入人间,4:holidays,专指圣诞节、复活节等节日 任何假日,5:sanctuary,圣所、圣殿,避难所、庇护所,4,2,:,Specialization,(,词义的缩小,),Meaning:,“,Specialization,”,is also a term of Latin origin referring of meaning.,“deer”,原义,:,animal,缩小后的意义,:,deer,“artillery”,原义,:,munitions of war,缩小后的意义,:,mounted guns,(,军需品,),(,安装枪,),2:Specialization(词义的缩小)Meani,5,原义 缩小后的意义,1:hangar,棚 飞机棚、飞机库,2:garage,安全地方 汽车间,3:stink,任何一种气味 臭气,4:poison,饮料 毒药,5:hospital,供游者休息娱乐的场所 医院,6,Elevation of meaning,Definition:,Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance,Change:,from,negative,to,positive,from,derogatory,to,appreciative,from,neutral,to,appreciative,from,unimportant,to,important,Elevation of meaningDefinition,7,Elevation of meaning,Examples,Originally,Meaning after elevation,Marshall,Horseservant,Minister,Craftsman,a person good atcheating,a worker in a skilled trade,shrewd,wicked;malicious,keen-witted;,Clever or sharp,Elevation of meaningExamplesOr,8,Change:,from,positive,to,negative,from,appreciative,to,pejorative,from,neutral,to,negative,from,important,to,unimportant,Degeneration of meaning,Definition:,It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense,Change:Degeneration of meanin,9,Degeneration of meaning,Examples,Originally,Meaning after degeneration,Villain,A farm labor,Scoundrel,Boor,A farmer,A rough,ill-mannered person,Knave,Boy,Dishonest person,Degeneration of meaningExampl,10,The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa.,The specific meaning,The abstract meaning,E.g.“Threat”means“army”a,t first.,Later extended to threat.,The use of the abstract,11,The abstract meaning,The specific meaning,E.g.“Proposition”means“suggested”,or“offer”.,But this word can also be,used to refer to people.,It means“Difficult to deal with”.,The abstract meaning,12,Common,words from proper names.,A lot of common nouns are,evolved from proper nouns.,E.g.“Don Juan”,is a Spanish aristocracy.,Now we called the person“a Don Juan”,it means“a philanderer”.,This process is also called“antonomasia”.,Common words from proper names,13,The place proper nouns,(It from the features of local naming),E.g.“copper”,from the Cyprus“.Because the area is famous for its copper production.,The place proper nounsE.g.“co,14,The names of proper nouns,E.g.“shrapnel”,was invented by a British general,shrapnel,.,It usually comes from the name,of the inventor.,The names of proper nounsE.g.,15,2.,Someone for the first or find an event to fame,after into a common noun.,E.g.“sandwich”was derived from a count.,In order to save the time of gambling,he used a piece of meat to eat bread clip.,2.Someone for the first or fin,16,3.A famous figure in the novel,as a result of the obvious characteristics of the person referred to the general.,E.g.We use Tartuffe to say“hypocritical people”.,It is from the playwright molieres comedy character the same name.,3.A famous figure in the novel,17,The title of proper nouns or movie name,E.g.“radical chic”,is the title of Tom Wolfes works.,Now we also used to refer to associate with radical fashion,The title of proper nouns or m,18,Transference of meaning,The process by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called,transference of meaning,Transference of meaning,19,objective meaning,(1)Subjective meaning,.,1,e.g,“,Shame kept him silent”,“shameful treatment,”,objective meaning(1)Subjective,20,(3)Objective meaning,(,2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.,e.g Knowledge,theory,feeling,A,profound,professor,(3)Objective meaning(2)Subjec,21,2,Objective meaning,Subjective meaning,e.g “feeling sorrows”,“sorrows that are deeply felt”,2Objective meaningSubjective m,22,(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.,Objective meaning,e.g,“,hateful”,former,meant“full of hate”as well as “odious”latter meant “odious”,(2)Subjective and objective tw,23,Thank you,Thank you,24,谢谢观看！,2020,谢谢观看！,25,
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