线粒体疾病的分子生物学检验

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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,线粒体疾病的分子生物学检验,Molecular diagnosis for mitochondrial related disorders,线粒体,(,Mitochondrion,),2,1.,真核细胞,中的细胞器,,二分裂方式进行新陈代谢,,平均寿命,10,天,2.,多数细胞,含,几个到,几千个线粒体,3.,每个线粒体含,2-10,线粒体,DNA,(,mtDNA,),3,线粒体功能,Mitochondrial Disease,.Chest 2001; 120:634648,ATP,能量代谢,其他功能,储存钙离子,调节膜电位并控制细胞程序性死亡,细胞增殖与细胞代谢的调控,合成胆固醇及某些,血红素,产热,Wikipedia,线粒体病,Mitochondrial disorders,发现,-,1962 年, Lufe 等发现一位年轻的瑞典妇女伴有异常增高的基础代谢率,同时伴有线粒体结构的异常和氧化磷酸化功能的异常。直到1988年, Wall,ace,等报道了首例由线粒体 DNA突变引起的人类疾病,明确了mtDNA 突变可引起人类疾病。,定义,-,是,遗传,缺陷,引起线粒体异常,,致使ATP合成障碍、能量来源,不足等导致,的一组异质性病变,又称为线粒体细胞病。,发病率,-,约为1:5000(约每5000人中1人发病),Smeitink 2006,线粒体病,mitochondrial disorders, 是一组高度临床变异性和遗传异质性的疾病,线粒体蛋白,16,569 bp circular double stranded,(mtDNA,),20%,1,500,nuclear,genes,80,%,structural protein of the OXPHOS complexes,protein required for assembly of OXPHOS complexes,proteins involved in mtDNA,translation,proteins involved in mtDNA,maintenance,proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission,Douglas C. Wallace, 1817,1819,Shoubridge, 2001; Schapira,,,2000,进一步导致,线粒体功能异常,:,底物的运输缺陷;,底物的利用缺陷;,柠檬酸循环异常;,氧化磷酸化脱偶联;,呼吸链异常。,发病特点,核,基因,突变,常染色体隐性,、,显性遗传,或,X,-,连锁遗传,线粒体基因,突变,母系遗传,(,突变的mtDNA,在母,血,增加,,受累及的后代发病频率增加,),mtDNA,突变与临床表型之间关系复杂,主要表现为同一种,mtDNA,突变可以引发多种不同的疾病表型,而同一种疾病表型又可以由多种不同的,mtDNA,突变诱导。,遗传异质性,婴幼儿起病,较常见,编码线粒体结构蛋白的核基因突变,进行性外眼肌麻痹,(,PEO,)、,线粒体神经肠胃脑肌病,、Leigh氏综合征,线粒体蛋白质翻译相关的核基因突变,2004年Miller等首次报道核基因编码的线粒体核糖体蛋白亚单位16(MRPS16)纯合突变,导致先天畸形伴张力衰竭、四肢水肿、肝转氨酶活性升高并乳酸亚基中毒症, 该女婴在出生后3天死亡。,核,基因,突变,线粒体基因,突变,突变的影响: 引起呼吸链功能缺陷,氧化磷酸化酶异常,阈值效应:组织特异性,突变的,mtDNA,在复制分离时可能不均等分配,母系遗传,:不同突变后代发病风险不同。,相比A8344G突变,携带 A3243,G 突变,的母系后代更容易发病。,突变分布,:同质性各器官组织分布相同,异质性不同组织、细胞分布,不同,一般特点,母系遗传 (,Maternal Inheritance,),11,同质性突变与异质性突变,12,线粒体基因,同质性(,Homoplasmy,),0,或,100%,异质性(,Heteroplasmy,),0-100%,核基因,纯合子(,Homozygous,),0,或,100%,杂合子(,Heterozygous,),50%,mtDNA,同质性,/,异质性突变与阈值,13,线粒体基因,突变,点突变,目前已报道的mtDNA 点突变将近330种,涉及mtDNA编码的各个基因,其中结构基因突变177种、tRNA基因突变137种、rRNA基因突变12种、D-Loop区突变2种,LHON、线粒体脑肌病合并乳酸血征及卒中发作综合征、肌阵挛癫痫、破碎红纤维病、母系遗传糖尿病伴耳聋综合征等,重排,重排突变逾数百,遗传性痉挛性截瘫等,(http:/www.mitomap.org,),线粒体疾病是复杂性疾病,遗传方式复杂,常染色体隐性遗传(,Autosomal Recessive,),常染色体显性遗传(,Autosomal Dominant,),性连锁遗传(,Sex linked,),母系遗传(,Maternally inherited,),临床表型复杂,累及多系统(,Multisystemic involvement,),影响几乎所有组织器官(,Any organ or tissue can be affected,),15,线粒体功能涉及众多的组织器官,16,线粒体病的共,同,临床特点,婴儿期发病:,常见于婴儿伴随,COX,阴性肌纤维、脑病和Leigh综合征,。,儿童发病:,见于,MELAS,、,MERRF,、,Leigh,病、线粒体肌病、,线粒体心肌病和,KSS。,中枢神经系统损害:,共济失调、癫痫、肌张力下降、脊髓病等,周围神经损害:,交感神经病出现在,MNGIE,和,Wolfram,综合征,视听神经损害:,视神经病出现在,Leber,病和显性遗传视神经萎缩1型,听力,丧失出现在,KSS,肌肉病,见于,线粒体肌病、,MELAS,和,KSS,。眼外肌麻痹见于,KSS,和,PEO,(高度临床变异性),Chinnery et al. Lancet 2000,线粒体疾病的生化诊断,当患者基因,变异不能被确定时,完整的生化检查可以辅助诊断。,代谢产物分析,(血液、尿液、脑脊液等),血液可以正常,但脑脊液多异常,,(动脉比静脉好);,乳酸/丙酮酸比高(50:1)提示呼吸链受到阻断。,正常不除外线粒体疾病,。,酶测定,氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)系统的酶活性测定,。,(western、比色法等),方法不稳定,一般情况下,,血清,CK,(肌酸激酶),正常或轻度升高,;,升高占30%,见于慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹;,mtDNA丢失,时,非常高。,J inherit Metab Dis.2011 April;34(2):283-292,19,线粒体疾病的生化诊断,当患者基因,变异不能被确定时,完整的生化检查可以辅助诊断。,肌肉活检,线粒体病的肌肉病理改变特点:,(1)出现线粒体结构异常、,细胞色素阴性肌纤维或,破碎红,纤维(,RRF,),为主要病理改变,。,(2,),上述病理改变出现的频率高。,(3)缺乏其他的肌肉病理改变。,J inherit Metab Dis.2011 April;34(2):283-292,儿童及成人线粒体疾病的诊断标准,A 符合线粒体脑肌病各综合征的临床表现,如,KSS、CPEO、MELAS、MERRF,等;,多系统不明原因发病,必须至少三个系统出现临床症状,除先证者外,至少有一个母系家族成员有发病可能,排除其它代谢和非代谢疾病,B 肌活检,在骨骼肌中存在2%破碎样,红肌纤维,主要诊断标准,(Bernier et al, 2002)(3, 5),21,C,有以下一种或多种呼吸链酶活性受抑制的表现,:,50,岁以下肌活检COX阴性肌纤维2%;,50岁以上肌活检COX阴性肌纤维,5,%;,任一,组织中呼吸链,酶活性20%;,任一细胞系中呼吸链酶活性30%;,多于两组织内相同呼吸链酶活性30%;,主要诊断标准,次要诊断标准:,A,症状符合线粒体脑肌病的临床表现;,至少以下一种提示肌肉中线粒体异常的表现:,3050,岁肌活检,RRF,在,1%2%,;,30,岁以下肌活检出现RRF;,电镜下见广泛线粒体异常,;,B,至少一种呼吸链功能受抑制的表现:,生化或极谱描记的呼吸链复合物活性在,20%30%,;,用免疫方法证实呼吸链复合物表达减少,;,(Bernier et al, 2002)(3, 5),次要诊断标准:,C,发现可能相关的,mtDNA,异常,;,D,一种或多种氧化磷酸化受损的表现:,脑脊液或血中乳酸、丙酮酸和(或)丙氨酸增高;,若疑为KSS,脑脊液蛋白质增高;,PET或31P-MRS证实肌肉或脑代谢降低;,最大氧分压、平均氧分压或乳酸阈值降低。,(Bernier et al, 2002)(3, 5),符合以上2个主要诊断指标或1个主要诊断指标及2个次要诊断指标的即为确诊线粒体病;,符合1个主要诊断指标及1个次要诊断指标或至少3个次要诊断指标的为拟诊线粒体病;,符合1个主要诊断指标或在符合临床表现的基础上还具备1个次要诊断指标的为疑诊线粒体病。,J inherit Metab Dis.2011 April;34(2):283-292,线粒体病诊断时应注意,基因诊断与生化检查如能量代谢情况、呼吸链和酶复合体活性等相结合,要区分病理性突变和正常衰老所致的线粒体基因突变,线粒体基因异常与临床表现的严重程度之间存在量效关系,散发与遗传的相关性 ,诊断是否遗传需排除环境、药物和衰老等因素,第一节,线粒体基因组与疾病,线粒体基因组及其表达系统,http:/www.mitomap.org,线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组的相互关系,线粒体基因组变异与疾病,26,27,人类线粒体基因组,Light strand: 8 tRNA and 1 mRNA (ND6),Heavy strand: 14 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 12 mRNA,Polycistronic with posttranscriptional processing,基因组小,仅,16569 bp,双链环状,DNA,13,结构基因,/ mRNA,22 tRNA,基因,2 rRNA,基因,12S rRNA,基因,16S rRNA,基因,非编码区,D-loop,(,约,1120bp,),L,链,复制起始区,(,约,30,50bp,,,tRNA,Asn,-tRNA,Cys,),高突变率,线粒体基因组及其表达系统,The two strands of mtDNA are differentiated by their nucleotide content with the,guanine rich,strand referred to as the,heavy strand, and the,cytosine rich,strand referred to as the,light strand,.,The heavy strand encodes 28 genes, and the light strand encodes 9 genes for a total of 37 genes. Of the 37 genes,13 are for proteins,(polypeptides),22 are for transfer RNA (tRNA),and,two are for the small and large subunits of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).,Category,Genes,NADH dehydrogenase,(complex I),MT-ND1,MT-ND2,MT-ND3,MT-ND4,MT-ND4L,MT-ND5,MT-ND6,Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase,/,Cytochrome b,(complex III),MT-CYB,cytochrome c oxidase,(complex IV),MT-CO1,MT-CO2,MT-CO3,ATP synthase,MT-ATP6,MT-ATP8,Transport chain,(13 peptides),Many of the genes encode the transport chain:,2 rRNAs,Mitochondrial,rRNA,is encoded by,MT-RNR1,(12S rRNA),MT-RNR2,(16S rRNA).,22 tRNAs,The following genes encode,tRNA,:,Amino Acid,3-Letter,1-Letter,MT DNA,Alanine,Ala,A,MT-TA,Arginine,Arg,R,MT-TR,Asparagine,Asn,N,MT-TN,Aspartic acid,Asp,D,MT-TD,Cysteine,Cys,C,MT-TC,Glutamic acid,Glu,E,MT-TE,Glutamine,Gln,Q,MT-TQ,Glycine,Gly,G,MT-TG,Histidine,His,H,MT-TH,Isoleucine,Ile,I,MT-TI,Leucine,Leu,L,MT-TL1, MT-TL2,Lysine,Lys,K,MT-TK,Methionine,Met,M,MT-TM,Phenylalanine,Phe,F,MT-TF,Proline,Pro,P,MT-TP,Serine,Ser,S,MT-TS1, MT-TS2,Threonine,Thr,T,MT-TT,Tryptophan,Trp,W,MT-TW,Tyrosine,Tyr,Y,MT-TY,Valine,Val,V,MT-TV,HV2,HV1,340,73,16365,16024,Control region,D-loop,576,Replication,Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has three,promoters,H1, H2, and L,(heavy strand 1, heavy strand 2, and light strand promoters).,The,H1 promoter,transcribes the,entire heavy strand,and,The,L promoter,transcribes the,entire light strand,.,The,H2 promoter,causes the transcription of the,two mitochondrial rRNA molecules.,Transcription,The process of transcription initiation in mitochondria involves three types of proteins:,the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT),2. mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM),3. mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 (TFB1M, TFB2M).,condon,Anti-condon,Nuclear tRNA,Mt-tRNA,GCU,GCC,GCA,GCG,GGC,UGC,UGC,第一节,线粒体基因组与疾病,线粒体基因组及其表达系统,线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组的相互关系,线粒体基因组变异与疾病,43,核基因组与线粒体基因组的相互作用,44,核基因组编码了,1500,多个线粒体蛋白,线粒体基因组只编码了,13,条多肽链,“交叉对话(,cross-talk,)”,机制,第一节,线粒体基因组与疾病,线粒体基因组及其表达系统,线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组的相互关系,线粒体基因组变异与疾病,线粒体基因组变异,碱基突变,:,点突变。其中结构基因的点突变,与核基因组一样,包括同义突变和错义突变,缺失与插入,:,mtDNA,拷贝数目突变,:,线粒体基因组变异与疾病,耳聋,,,Leber,遗传性视神经病变,,,糖尿病,,高血压,肿瘤,45,46,在线粒体相关疾病中常见的,DNA,点突变,MELAS,综合征(线粒体脑肌病乳酸酸中毒及卒中样发作):,A3243G (80%), T3271C,(在,tRNA,Leu(UUR),基因),MERRF,(肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维):,A8344G (80%), T8356C,(在,tRNA,Lys,基因),Leber,视神经病(,LHON,):,G11778A,(在,ND4,基因),,G3460A,(在,ND1,基因),耳聋(,Deafness,),:,A1555G, T1494C,(在,12S rRNA,基因),A3243G,(在,tRNA,Leu(UUR),基因),2,型糖尿病(,Type 2 Diabetes,),:,A3243G,(在,tRNA,Leu(UUR),基因),NARP,(共济失调伴色素性视网膜炎神经病):,T8993G, T8993C,(在,ATPase 6,基因),线粒体病的分子诊断,标本选择:,外周血白细胞,最常用,毛发,唾液,尿液,骨骼肌,检测,mtDNA,分子诊断的最好标本,检测,已知,DNA突变的方法:,等位基因特异性寡核苷酸杂交(ASO),等位基因特异性扩增(ASA),限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RLFP),连接酶链反应(LCR),基因芯片技术,检测,未知,DNA突变的方法:,单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP),变性梯度凝胶电泳(DEEG),异源双链分析(HA),DNA序列测序,变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC),分子诊断方法,线粒体疾病中常见的突变,核基因突变(,nuclear gene mutations,),氧化磷酸化系统由核基因编码的蛋白质,例如,: Surf1, SCO2, NDUFV1, NDUFS1,etc.,呼吸链缺陷,:,重复、缺失,线粒体,DNA,点突变(,mtDNA point mutations,),LHON, MELAS, MERRF, NARP, etc.,mtDNA,缺失,/,重复(,mtDNA Deletions/duplications,),eg. KSS, Pearson synd, diabetes & deafness,未知遗传(,unknown inheritance,),School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,49,第二节,线粒体基因组与耳聋,与耳聋相关的,mtDNA,突变,耳聋相关的,mtDNA,突变的检测,50,“,千手观音”,21,位聋哑演员中,18,人有药物史,部分患者使用正常剂量也会致聋,“一针致聋”现象,突变位点,基,因,同质性,/,异质性,疾,病,首次报道,a,T961delT+C(n)ins,961insC,12S rRNA,同质性,药物性耳聋,/,非综合征型耳聋,Bacino,et al,.(1995),Tang,et al,.(2002),T1095C,12S rRNA,同质性,/,异质性,药物性耳聋,/,非综合征型耳聋,Thyagarajan,et al,. (2000),C1494T,12S rRNA,同质性,药物性耳聋,/,非综合征型耳聋,Zhao,et al,.(2004),A1555G,12S rRNA,同质性,/,异质性,药物性耳聋,/,非综合征型耳聋,Prezant,et al,.(1993),G1606A,tRNA,Val,异质性,综合征型耳聋,Tiranti,et al,.(1998),A3243G,tRNA,Leu(UUR),异质性,综合征型耳聋,van den Ouweland,et al,.(1992),G7444A,CO1,/ tRNA,Ser(UCN),同质性,/,异质性,药物性耳聋,/,非综合征型耳聋,Pandya,et al,.(1999),A7445G,CO1,/ tRNA,Ser(UCN),同质性,/,异质性,非综合征型耳聋,Reid,et al,.(1994),7472insC,tRNA,Ser(UCN),同质性,/,异质性,综合征型耳聋,Tiranti,et al,.(1995),T7511C,tRNA,Ser(UCN),同质性,/,异质性,非综合征型耳聋,Sue,et al,.(1999),T7512C,tRNA,Ser(UCN),同质性,/,异质性,综合征型耳聋,Nakamura,et al,. (1995),A8344G,tRNA,Lys,异质性,综合征型耳聋,Shoffner,et al,. (1990),G8363A,tRNA,Lys,异质性,综合征型耳聋,Santorelli,et al,. (1996),T14709C,tRNA,Glu,同质性,综合征型耳聋,Rigoli,et al,.(2001),G15927A,tRNA,Thr,同质性,药物性耳聋,/,非综合征型耳聋,Wang,et al,.(2008),第二节,线粒体基因组与耳聋,与耳聋相关的,mtDNA,突变,耳聋相关的,mtDNA,突变的检测,PCR-RFLP,技术,DHPLC,技术,DNA,测序技术,基因芯片技术,53,检测位点,引物序列,(5,3),退火温度,(,),产物长度,(bp),A1555G,C1494T,CGA TCA ACC TCA CCA CCT CT,58,802,TGG ACA ACC AGC TAT CAC CA,A,7445G,ACG CCA AAA TCC ATT TCA CT,58,987,CGG GAA TTG CAT CTG TTT TT,54,对,1642,例氨基糖苷类诱发的非功能性耳聋汉族聋儿进行线粒体,12S rRNA,变异检测,J. Lu et al. / Mitochondrion.2010,10(4):380390,55,12S rRNA,基因中有,68,个核苷酸变异,所有的核苷酸变异均为同质性,68,个核苷酸变异中,有,3,个,C1494T,其余,65,个变异为,A1555G,56,57,58,第三节 线粒体与,Leber,遗传性视神经病变,与,Leber,遗传性视神经病变相关的,mtDNA,突变,Leber,遗传性视神经病变相关的,mtDNA,突变常用检测技术,59,Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy,(LHON),L,ebers,H,ereditary,inherited from mitochondrial DNA,O,ptic,affects the eye,N,europathy,disease/abnormality of nervous system,Degeneration,of,retinal ganglion cells,and their,axons,Inherited,from maternal,mitochondrial,DNA,Occurs during young adulthood,Acute Phase:,Painless, acute onset of central vision loss,Loss of visual acuity/colour,once symptoms appear in one eye, other eye affected weeks later,Sub acute Phase,atrophy of optic disc,legally blind,Asymptomatic until visual blurring develops,Signs and Symptoms,Maternal,inheritance,Mutation occurs in,mitochondrial DNA,(mtDNA),Only the,egg,contributes mtDNA to the embryo,Genetics of LHON,(1) G11778A:,50-60% LHON population,(2) G3460A:,8-25% LHON population,(3) T14484C:,10% LHON population,Single Point Mutations3 major pathogenic mutations:,G14459A,T14484C,Males vs. Females,LHON is predominant in,males,Studies looking at x-linkage have not been confirmed nor statistically significant,Epidemiology race dependent,11778,3460,14484,70% Europeans,90% Asians,86% Quebec Canadians,Due to Founder,Effect,(奠基者效应),Koreans,presence of,mixture,of more than one type of organellar genome ie,mtDNA,Numerous cell divisions and thus lots of,time,is required for,mutant alleles,to be expressed in mitochondria,Symptoms dont appear until,adulthood,Also implicated as the reason for,variability,in severity of vision loss,Heteroplasmy,Photoreceptors,Interneurons,RGC (retinal ganglial cells),Neurons,Axons make up optic nerve,Retina,Fire action potentials,Huge,ATP demand,Very sensitive to energy supply and mitochondria defects,Especially RGCs for,central visual field,Limited regeneration,abilities,RGC: neurons,Other neurons in the body can be affected too (CNS + PNS),This results in,Lebers Plus,Movement disorders,Tremors,Cardiac conduction defects,MS-like,(,多发性硬化样),features,All Neurons are Vulnerable,ATP Demand,Leber,Oxidative Phosphorylation,e,-,Transport Chain,ROS,Reactive O,2,Species,Oxidative stress,RGC,Complex 1,e,-,prematurely leak to O,2,aka. NADH Dehydrogenase,Mitochondrial Matrix,Intermembrane Space,3 point mutations,4e,-,+ 4H,+,+ O,2, 2H,2,O,e,-,+ O2,O,2,-,Less ATP,Leber,ATP Demand,Oxidative Phosphorylation,e,-,transport chain,ROS,Reactive O,2,Species,Oxidative stress,More Superoxide,O,2,-,RGC,Leber:,oxidative stress,+,ATP deprivation,Atrophy,:,wearing away of tissue,Chronic oxidative stress:,Apoptosis,(cell death),Things go wrong,The link is important!,Genetic Testing,for the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA.,Avoid potential,environmental precipitants,such as tobacco and excessive alcohol.,Avoid medications,which have been shown to induce the disease (Ethambutol,乙胺丁醇, Chloramphenicol,氯霉素,),Vision damage from degeneration of optic nerve,Maternally inherited through mtDNA,3 point mutations,Complex I, ROS (reactive oxygen species),Treatment,Antioxidants,Inhibit mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis,突变位点,基因,同质性,/,异质性,首次报道,*,G3316A,ND1,同质性,Saillard,et al.,(2000),T3394C,ND1,同质性,Hofmann,et al.,(1997),G,3460A*,ND1,同质性,/,异质性,Huoponen et al.(1991),C3497T,ND1,同质性,Kong,et al.,(2003,),G3733A,ND1,同质性,/,异质性,Valentino,et al.,(2004),C4171A,ND1,同质性,/,异质性,Kim,et al.,(2002),T4216C,ND1,同质性,Torroni,et al,.(1994,),A4435G,tRNA,Met,同质性,Herrnstadt,et al.,(,2002,),G7444A,CO,同质性,Huoponen,et al.,(,1993,),T10663C,ND,同质性,Brown,et al.,(1995),G11696A,ND4,同质性,/,异质性,Zhou,et al.,(,2006,),G11778A*,ND4,同质性,/,异质性,Wallace,et al.,(1988),T12338C,ND4,同质性,Wong,et al.,(,2002,),G14459A,ND6,同质性,/,异质性,Jun,et al.,(1994),C14482G/A,ND6,同质性,/,异质性,Howell,et al.,(1998),T14484C*,ND6,同质性,/,异质性,Johns,et al.,(1992),A14495G,ND6,异质性,Chinnery,et al.,(2001),T14502C,ND6,同质性,Ozawa,et al.,(,1991,),C14568T,ND6,同质性,Wissinger,et al.,(1997),A14693G,tRNA,Glu,同质性,/,异质性,Tzen,et al.,(,2003,),A15951G,tRNA,Thr,同质性,Li,et al.,(,2006,),School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,79,原发性突变:,G3460A,,,G11778A,,,T14484C,的突变,占全部,LHON,的,80-90,继发性突变:,T3394C,,,T4216C,,,C4019T,,,G5244A,,,C4777T,,,G9438A,,,G13708A,,,G15257A,新,突变:,A4435G,位于,tRNA,Met,基因,可以,调节,ND4 G11778A,突变,的外显率,与,Leber,遗传性视神经病变相关的,mtDNA,突变,80,A4435G,可以调节,ND4 G11778A,突变,的外显率,tRNA,Met,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,第三节 线粒体与,Leber,遗传性视神经病变,与,Leber,遗传性视神经病变相关的,mtDNA,突变,Leber,病变相关的,mtDNA,突变常用检测技术,PCR-RFLP,技术,PCR-SSCP,技术,DHPLC,技术,DNA,测序技术,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,81,G3460A,,,G11778A,,,T11484C,原发性突变测序图,第四节,线粒体与糖尿病,线粒体糖尿病,美国糖尿病协会,(1997)/,世界卫生组织,(1999),制定了新的糖尿病分型标准,将线粒体基因缺陷型糖尿病列为特殊类型糖尿病,属于,细胞功能遗传缺陷型糖尿病,约占糖尿病总数的,1,3,据浙江省糖尿病防治中心提供的数据,浙江省糖尿病患病率为,2.96%,线粒体,DNA,突变与糖尿病,线粒体糖尿病的检验诊断,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,82,第四节,线粒体与糖尿病,线粒体糖尿病,线粒体,DNA,突变与糖尿病,线粒体糖尿病的检验诊断,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,83,线粒体,DNA,突变与糖尿病,突变位点,累及基因,同质性,/,异质性,疾病,首次报道,C1310T,12S rRNA,同质性,糖尿病临床表型,Guan et al. (2010),A1438G,12S rRNA,同质性,糖尿病临床表型,Vawter et al.(2009),A3243G*,tRNA,Leu (UUR),异质性,糖尿病合并耳聋,Van den et al.(1992),C,3254A,tRNA,Leu (UUR),异质性,妊娠糖尿病,Ng et al. (2000),T3264C,tRNA,Leu (UUR),异质性,糖尿病,Matsuoka et al.(1997),T3271C,tRNA,Leu (UUR),异质性,糖尿病,Jaksch et al. (1995),G3316A,MT-ND1,同质性,非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,Ogihara et al. (1995),T3394C,MT-ND1,同质性,非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,Wallace et al. (1995),T3398C,MT-ND1,同质性,糖尿病合并耳聋,Jaksch et al. (1995),A3399T,MT-ND1,同质性,妊娠糖尿病,Ng et al.(2000),T4291C,tRNA Ile,同质性,糖尿病临床表型,Lifton et al. (2004),A4833G,MT-ND2,同质性,非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,Onaya et al. (2000),A7472C,tRNA,Ser (UCN),同质性,糖尿病合并耳聋,Hanna et al. (2005),A8296G,tRNA,Lys,同质性,/,异质性,糖尿病合并耳聋,Ohsawa et al. (1998),A10398G,MT-ND3,同质性,2,型糖尿病,Kato et al. (2003),A12026G,MT-ND4,同质性,糖尿病,Onaya et al. (1998),C12258A,tRNA,Ser (AGY),异质性,糖尿病合并耳聋,Turnbull et al. (1998),T14709C,*,tRNA,Glu,同质性,/,异质性,糖尿病合并耳聋,Moraes et al. (1995),T16189C,MT-DLOOP,同质性,2,型糖尿病,Poulton et al. (1998),School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,84,85,携带,tRNA,Leu(UUR),A3243G,突变的糖尿病家系,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,86,399bp,307bp,92bp,M,Un-cut 143B 43B 1 2,A3243G,为异质性突变,RFLP,DNA Sequencing,DHPLC,Control,A3243G,A3242G,WT,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,87,携带,tRNA,Gly,T10003C,突变的糖尿病家系,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,88,tRNA,Gly,T10003C,为同质性突变,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,89,A,tRNA,Gly,/tRNAs,tRNA,Thr,/tRNAs,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,90,Secondary structure of tRNA,Gly,Secondary structure of tRNA,Leu(UUR),School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,91,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,第四节,线粒体与糖尿病,线粒体糖尿病,线粒体,DNA,突变与糖尿病,线粒体糖尿病的检验诊断,PCR,技术,正向引物(,F,):,5-TTCACAAAGCGCCTTCCCCC-3,反向引物(,R,):,5-GCGATGGTGAGAGCTAAGGTC-3,扩增片段,398 bp,(,3153,3551bp,),DHPLC,技术,PCR-RFLP,技术,DNA,测序技术,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College,92,分子诊断研究,(A3243G异质性分析),收集病人外周血,抽提DNA,PCR扩增目的片段,PCR-,RFLP,测序验证,RT-ARMs-qPCR,(,amplification,refractory,mutation system,),Pyrosequencing,(焦磷酸测序),Targeted,Next-Generation,Sequencing,二代测序,High-throughput sequencing,实例,母系遗传糖尿病家系,注:母系成员共,24,人,其中糖尿病患者为,10,人。,相应PCR产物经普通测序验证:,MIDD,母系遗传,性糖尿病伴,耳聋,(,maternally inherited diabetes and deafness),:,PCR-RFLP,图 含mtDNA 3243 PCR产物的限制性内切酶(ApaI)酶切结果图,mtDNA 3243 异质性突变检测结果,M:DNA marker;,Lane 1、2、3、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、16、17:mtDNA 3243 异质性突变;,Lane 4、5、14、15:mtDNA 3243 未突变;,限制酶,Apa,的酶切位点,(GGGCCC,),由于,该突变为异质性突变,故应该会,出现,553,、,423,、,130 bp,共,3,条条带,;,而野生型,没有,Apa,的酶切位点,故,电泳只能,看到长度为,553 bp,的,1,条片段,引物,可以覆盖整个线粒体DNA基因组,(3组),PCR产物,富集过程,基因组DNA文库,高通量捕获测序,Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing,探针,应用技术平台,Illumina GAllX,作为新一代分子生物学综合技术平台,,Genome Analyzer,测序技术避免了像传统测序技术那样耗费大量人力、物力进行片段克隆、转化、质粒抽提等工作,具有高准确性,高通量,高灵敏度,低运行成本等突出优势,是目前市场占有率最高的第二代高通量基因测序仪。,Next Generation Sequencing (NGS),测序深度,(deep),:,是指测序得到的总碱基数与待测基因组大小的比值。,假设一个基因大小为2M,测序深度为10X,那么获得的总数据量为20M,。,Next Generation Sequencing (NGS),覆盖,度(coverage),:,指测序获得的序列占整个基因组的比例。,由于基因组中的高GC、重复序列等复杂结构的存在,测序最终拼接组装获得的序列往往无法覆盖有所的区域,这部分没有获得的区域就称为Gap。例如一个细菌基因组测序,覆盖度是98%,那么还有2%的序列区域是没有通过测序获得的。,Read :,高通量测序平台产生的序列标签,线粒体DNA序列:16.6kb,3243位点,捕获到两种碱基,A,/,G,support=,6758,(A),/,903,(G),结果分析,heteroplasmy mutant=11%,高通量捕获测序检测结果:,表,MIDD家系,A3243G,突变异质性水平检测结果,Step1 and Step2:,Step3 and Step4;,Step5:,Pyrosequencing,DNA聚合酶,荧光素酶,双磷酸酶,硫酸化酶,PyrosequencingTM,焦磷酸测序技术是一种基于四种酶(,DNA,聚合酶、硫酸化酶、荧光素酶,和双磷酸酶)的级联反应来进行定量序列分析的技术。在整个反应体系中,以,PCR,产物的一,条单链为模板,与测序引物退火结合后,按照事先计算好的顺序将四种,dNTP,依次加到样品中。,双峰,焦磷酸测序,Qiagen PyroMark Q24,QIAGEN,公司最新的,PyroMark Q24,焦,磷酸测序,仪,采用成熟的焦磷酸测序技术,,是集,测序、样品制备、试剂和对照以及,完整和,灵活的软件于一体的系统。,不需要制胶,不需要毛细管,也不需要荧光染料和同位素。,10分钟可分析96个样品的SNP,可满足高通量分析的要求;,每个样品孔都可进行独立的测序或SNP分析,实验设计灵活。,序列分析简单,结果准确可靠。,特点,MIDD家系A3243G突变异质性水平检测值,(%),焦磷酸测序,II6,II8,II10,II11,III1,III10,III12,III13,III15,III16,III17,III19,III20,IV1,IV2,IV6,14.2,15.2,16.2,-,-,11.2,24.9,20.5,20.5,30.6,32.9,38.9,28.3,-,-,54.7,焦磷酸测序结果:,表,MIDD家系,A3243G,突变异质性水平检测结果,RT-ARMs-qPCR,编号,mtDNA A3243G,异质突变水平(%),野生型,突变型,II,6,2.13E+06,3.60E+05,14.46,II,8,2.24E+06,2.87E+05,11.36,II,10,2.04E+06,4.67E+05,18.63,II,11,9.27E+05,2.44E+02,0.00,III,1,1.40E+05,3.08E+01,0.00,III,10,1.44E+06,1.64E+05,10.22,III,12,1.83E+06,4.91E+05,21.15,III,13,1.57E+06,3.51E+05,18.27,III,1,5,1.66E+06,3.94E+05,19.18,III,1,6,1.76E+06,8.98E+05,33.45,III,1,9,1.34E+06,7.11E+05,34.67,III,20,1.60E+06,1.06E+06,39.85,1,2.66E+04,6.62E+00,0.00,2,5.59E+05,2.33E+02,0.00,6,6.16E+05,1.29E+06,67.68,7,1.58E+06,2.05E+06,56.47,精确定量A3243G异质,水平,同时计算拷贝数。,A3243G突变携带者线粒体拷贝,与正常人,拷贝数相比较是减少的,,且,其差异有统计学意义。,突变负荷,=,突变型拷贝数,/,(突变型拷贝数,+,野生型拷贝数),
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