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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第六级,第七级,第八级,*,American Naturalism,美国自然主义文学,1,Naturalism,the law of jungle,2,Brief Summary:,Naturalism,is a literary movement that,seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality,as,opposed,to such movements as,romanticism,or,Surrealism,in which subjects may receive,highly symbolic,idealistic,or even,supernatural treatment,.,3,4,Brief Summary:,Naturalism is,a growth of realism,a prominent literary movement in,Mid-19th-Century,France and elsewhere.Unlike realism,however,naturalism is generally a,philosophical position,(?),as opposed to a literary technique.,5,philosophical position,For naturalistic writers,since human beings are,in Emile Zolas phrase,“,human bea,s,ts,”,characters can be studied through,their relationships to their surroundings.,Philosophical framework:,pessimistic materialistic determinism,悲观的唯物主义决定论,6,自然主义,（Le Naturalisme）是文学艺术创作中的一种倾向。作为创作方法，自然主义一方面排斥,浪漫主义,的想象、夸张、抒情等主观因素，另一方面轻视,现实主义,对现实生活的典型概括，,而追求绝对的客观性，崇尚单纯地描摹自然，着重对现实生活的表面现象作记录式的写照，并企图以自然规律特别是生物学规律解释人和人类社会。,7,I.American Naturalism,1.The historical and social background,2.The intellectual background,3.Philosophical elements of literary naturalism,4.Features of naturalist fictions,5.Objectives,8,1.Historical and Social Background,After the American Civil War(1861-1865),9,WWI,Industrial Revolution,10,“This is a,Godless,world in which man is thrown upon himself to,keep alive,as best he can,against,the overwhelming odds of the,cold,indifferent environment,.”,-Theodore Dreiser,11,Mans place in the universe,A man said to the universe:,“,Sir,I exist,!”,“However,”replied the universe.,“The fact has not created in me,a sense of obligation,.”,-,Stephen Crane,人与天,一个人对着天说：,“老兄，我存在！”,“不过”，天应答说，,“这一事实并没使我生出,义务之感。”,Living in a,cold,indifferent,and,Godless,world,man is an,insignificant,human being to battle against a“,tremendous,”environment,.,12,2.The intellectual background,13,Charles Darwin(1809-1882)an English naturalist,The Origin of Species,(1859),14,Charles Darwin,-,“the fittest,the survival”,the theory of evolution,Natural Selection,The,survival or extinction of each organism is determined by that organisms ability to adapt to its environment.,15,Herbert Spencer(1820-1903),斯宾塞,Social Darvinism：,the incoporation of Darvinism into sociology,-,Man is merely an,animal,driven by,greed,and,lust,in a struggle for,existence,in which only“,the fittest,”,the most,ruthless survive.,-Life became a struggle for,survival.,16,Herbert Spencer(1820-1903),斯宾塞,“the survival of the fittest”,物竞天择、适者生存,Humans are highly evolved animals and respond to environmental forces like any other animal.The aim is,surviva,l,.,17,Herbert Spencer(1820-1903),斯宾塞,Influence:,-,It produced,an attitude of gloom and despair,which characterize,Social Darvinism,determinism,(The chief impetus for naturalism),18,Emile Zola(1840-1902),左拉,The term“naturalism”was,created by the French novelist,19,Emile Zola(1840-1902),左拉,Controlled by,heredity,and,environment,man was the product of his temperament in a social context.,左右人类命运的两个因素：,遗传与环境,遗传-生物决定论,环境-悲观论,20,Emile Zolas theory:,The purpose of a novelist was to be a,scientist,to place his characters,in a situation,and then to,watch the influences,of heredity and environment destroy them,or,if they were good enough,to,watch them overcome,the force of heredity and environment.,21,左拉还进一步把人同其他生物等同起来,宣称人是“,空气和土壤的产物,象植物一样,”，从而把生物学的决定论加于人类。,自然主义者在人身上只看到,感觉,和,本能,。他们既然认为是生物学规律决定人的心理、性格、情欲和行为，便在作品中着重探索人物生理上的奥秘，阐明它对人物的影响。左拉指出，自然主义作家“,继续进行着生理学家和医生的业务,”。,22,Thomas Hardy(1840-1928),Tess of DUrbervilles,(1891),23,3.Philosophical elements of literary naturalism,The aim of human(human animal)is survival.,The existence of a human person is limited by his or her,heredity,and,environment,and the socioeconomic forces he or she has to wrestle with.Only the fittest survives in the life struggle.,24,4.Features of naturalist fictions,The characters:,often the lowest in the social stratum,those rendered helpless by uncontrollable forces,The mood:,invariably dark and pessimistic,E,thical problem:,Violence and Sex are explicit.,25,5.Objectives:,They offered vivid pictures of the lives of the,down-trodden,and the,abnormal,.,They exhibited,frank treatment,of human passion and sexuality;,They portrayed men and women overwhelmed by the,blind forces of nature,.,26,Themes:,1.,survival,determinism,violence,&,taboo,;,2.the“,brute within,”each individual,composed of strong and often warring emotions:lust,greed,or the desire for dominance or pleasure,3.,Nature,as an indifferent force acting on the lives of human beings.,4.The forces of,heredity,and,environment,as they affect individual lives.,27,Nature never did betray the heart that loved her.,-,William Wordsworth,Romanticism,She did not seem cruel to him then,nor beneficent,nor treacherous,nor wise.,But she was indifferent,flatly indifferent.,-Stephen Crane,Naturalism,28,Differences from Realism,Method of description,:,the truthfulness of details and extremity.(camera),2),The object of descrip
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