lesson1thinkingasahobby

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Sir William Gerald Golding (19 September 1911 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, poet, playwright and Nobel Prize for Literature laureate, best known for his novel,Lord of the Flies,.,Grade-three thinking: was no thinking at all, but a combination of ignorance, prejudice and hypocrisy. Most people belong to this category (according to the author).,Grade-two thinking: People can detect the contradictions of grade-three thinkers beliefs. They can see their ignorance, prejudice, hypocrisy and lack of logic, which gives them great delight and satisfies their ego.,Grade-two thinking had nothing constructive to offer. It destroys without the power to create. Therefore the satisfaction it brings the thinker is limited and does not last.,Grade-one thinking: People who set out to find the truth and get it.,TEXT,ORGANIZATION,P1 -p15 Prelude/ Introduction,P16-p24 Grade Three Thinking,P25-p29 Grade Two Thinking,P30-p35 Grade One Thinking,Thinking is not just for professional thinkers like philosophers. It is something all educated people should enjoy doing, and it is considered one of the most precious qualities in young scholars for the healthy mental development.,Theme,The end of Theme,.,statuette,Statue，sculpture,-ette意为：1小的东西small例词：cigarette,2假的东西imitation例词：leatherette,3女性female例词： usherette女效劳员，女引座员,nothing but(p2): nothing except;only,His parents care nothing but his scores at school.,One was a lady wearing nothing but a bath towel.,Venus,In Roman mythology, Venus was the goddess of love and beauty. 【,罗马,神,话,】,维纳,斯：,爱,情和形体美的女神,In other cultures, she has a more sinister role particularly in Mayan mythology.,lest: (old-fashioned) conj. for fear that,唯恐、以免,He doesnt dare to leave the house lest he (should) be recognized.,Note: The subjunctive mood is used in the clause,lest,introduces.,小心不要从树上掉下来。,Be careful lest you fall from that tree.,Sometimes used after,danger, fear, afraid, worried,functioning as,that,I was afraid / worried lest he might come too late.,There was danger lest the plan should become known.,farther and further,farther:,physical,distance,further,: degree, time and all other figurative uses,Fill in the blanks with,farther,or,further,1. The next village turned out to be much_ than we had thought.,2. We will discuss it _tomorrow.,3._Further development of our economy will strain our resources too.,farther,further,Further,be in a position to do sth.: to be able to do sth. because you have the ability, power or money,I am not in a position to lend you money.,For the first time in history, man is now in a position to destroy the whole world.,A naked man, muscular gentleman, who sat, looking down, with his chin on his fist and his elbow on his knee.,Rodins thinker,生活中不是没有美，而是缺少发现美的眼睛。,罗丹,Auguste Rodin: a French sculptor.,His most famous works:,The Kiss,The thinker,Sentence Paraphrase 1,go to 2,I was not integrated, I was, if anything, disintegrated. (Para. 4),Forming a part of a harmonious group,The direct opposite of “integrated, and therefore means some kind of trouble maker. This is not the the way the word is normally used.,on the contrary,More examples,if anything,恰恰相反,I never had to clean up after him.,If anything, he did most of the cleaning.,Im not ashamed of her.,If anything, Im proud.,penal position ：,penalty：n.处分, 罚款,13 crimes that have been exempted from the death penalty are mainly economic and non-violent crimes.,adj.,刑事的; 刑法上的,应受处分的,writhe :,to cause to twist or contort,Translate,what the GIF depicts,the cat writhes violently,scratch my skin.,Sentence Paraphrase 2,The muscular gentleman contemplated the hindquarters of the leopard in endless gloom. (Para. 9),To think for a long time in order to understand better in a gloomy manner,The author expressed the boys viewing of the image of Thinker in a humorous way to show that the thinking doesnt make any sense to him.,contemplate,contemplate the problem from all sides; contemplate the mystery of God.,从各方面慎重考虑这个问题；,思考关于上帝的奥秘,contemplate marriage;,打算结婚,The teachers glasses caught the light and therefore the boy could not see the teachers eyes. He could not have any eye contact. He could have any communication with him. The implied meaning of this sentence is that they could not communicate, not because of this but because of the teachers lack of understanding of the boy.,His spectacles caught the light so that you could see nothing human behind them. There was no possibility of communication. (Para. 9),To have the light shine on it brightly and suddenly,Sentence Paraphrase 4,go to 5,On one occasion he headmaster leaped to his feet, reached up and put Rodins masterpiece on the desk before me. (Para. 13),to jump up,To move a hand or arm upward in order to touch, hold, or pick up sth. Also: to reach sth. down; to reach out (for); to reach into,Three parallel verb phrases are used to describe the sequence of his actions.,More examples,to ones feet,To be continued on the next page.,to leap to ones feet,to rise to ones feet,to struggle to ones feet,to stagger to ones feet,to help sb. to ones feet,to pull sb. to his feet,一跃而起,站起身来,挣扎着站起来,蹒跚而立,扶某人站起来,把某人拉起来,to ones feet,站起来,Nature had endowed the rest of the human race with a sixth sense and left me out. (Para. 15),A keen intuitive (,直觉的,) power. Here the author means the ability to think.,To provide sb. with a natural quality or talent,Everybody, except me, are born with the ability to think.,Note the humorous effect achieved through the use of the exaggeration and formal style,The fresh air had to struggle with difficulty to find its way to his chest because he was unaccustomed to this.,He would stagger or be thrown off balance,Unable to do anything for the rest of the morning,V-ed and V-ing as object complement,You could hear the wind, trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments. His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visitation. He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there, useless for the rest of the morning. (Para. 19),Sentence Paraphrase 7,Mr. Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life, sexless and full of duty. (Para. 20),To be habitually inclined to do (sth.): e.g.,He is much given to blowing his own,trumpet.,She was given to hasty decision.,a highly moral speech,Obviously in Mr. Houghtons clean life, there is no place for alcoholic drink, sex, and other worldly pleasures. This is, of course, ironical.,The author is ridiculing the contradiction between his high moral tone and the working of his genes which compels him to turn his head toward young girls.,Sentence Paraphrase 8,Yet in the middle of these monologues, if a girl passed the window, his neck would turn of itself and he would watch her out of sight. In this instance, he seemed to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck. (Para. 20),To turn by itself; to turn on its own,Parallel structure of two prepositional phrases to show the contrast,Metaphor: his sexual impulse,Spring,n.,春天；弹簧；泉水；活力；跳跃,adj.,春天的,vi.,生长；涌出；跃出；裂开,vt.,使跳起；使爆炸；突然提出；使弹开,n. (Spring),人名；,(,德,),施普林；,(,英、芬、瑞典,),斯普林,过去式,sprang,或,sprung,过去分词,sprung,现在分词,springing ,not think much of,think better of sb.,think better of sth.,think highly of,think little of,think poorly of,think nothing of,看轻,对某人印象好；看重某人,改变念头；消除主意,看重；器重,看轻；看不起,不放在眼里；轻视,轻视；认为无所谓；认为没什么了不起,think well of(p21),: to have a good opinion of sb.; to think favorably of sb.; to like sb.,lecture,curtain lecture,(,妻对夫的,),枕边训话,私下训斥,give readsb. a lecture,责备某人,训诫某人,lecture at sb.,口,严词教训某人,训斥某人,lecture to sb.,给某人讲课,lecture on sth,讲授,，就,论述,remorse,n.,懊悔；同情,remorse for a crime 悔罪,in a fit of remorse 在一阵悔恨之中,without remorse,毫不懊悔地; 无情地; 不间断地,remorseless adj. 冷酷的；不知过错的；坚持不懈的；不屈不挠的,remorselessly adv. 无悔意地；冷酷地,Writing Devices,Metonymy,mtnm,（转喻）,In metonymy, an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating some associated notion. “It stands for “thought in grammar, but actually refers to Mr. Houghton, and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt.一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法,It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted toward a skirt. (Para. 23),Mr. Houghton,More examples,To be continued on the next page.,girls,Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet. (Vote=election, bullet=military solutions),“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. (Mao Zedong refers it to the military revolution),Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide. (Bill Gates = Microsoft),The pen is mightier than the sword. (pen = writer; sword = fighter),The World is watching closely what the White House will do next. (The White House=the American government),To be continued on the next page.,Synecdoche,snekdk,（提喻）,Synecdoche can be included in metonymy, and it refers to the substitution of the part for the whole or of the whole for the part.,提喻法（一种修辞方法，以局部代表全部和以全部指部分）,If we were counting,heads, the Buddhists,were the boys for my money. (Para. 27),(head = person),There are two,mouths,to feed in my family.,(mouth = person),God bless the,hands,that prepared this food.,(hand = person),Sentence Paraphrase 9,Technically, it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf, as honest as most politicians intentions, or as coherent as most books that get written. (Para. 23),orderly, logical, and consistent relation of parts,This ironical sentence shows that the author not only considers those people incompetent, dishonest and incoherent, but also despises most businessmen, distrust most politicians and dislikes most publications.,Confront vt. 面对；遭遇；比较,I wish to confront my accuser in a court of law.,We must confront the future with optimism,confront with,使面临；使面对,confront danger,勇敢地面对危险,Confront It,面对它,dismiss,The teacher dismissed the class five minutes earlier.,老师提前5分钟下课了。,He was dismissed from school.,他被开除学籍。,dismiss fear from ones mind,消除心里的恐惧,vt.,使退去,;,让离开,;,打发走,将,.,免职,;,解雇,;,开除,(,学生、工人等,),；不考虑,;,摒弃；遣散,;,解散,go to 11,I no longer consider the way grade-three thinkers think unimportant because they account for nine-tenths of the people and therefore have great power. Now I know that ignorance, prejudice and hypocrisy are very powerful enemies.,I no longer dismiss lightly a mental process. (Para. 24),The author thinks that it is probably human nature to enjoy agreement because it seems to bring peace, security, comfort and harmony.,A crowd of grade-thinkers, all shouting the same thing, all warming their hand at the fire of their own prejudices Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill. (Para. 24),All feeling very content and happy because they share the same prejudices,Simile: enjoy the peaceful, safe and harmonious environment,graze,This field will graze 30 head of cattle.,这块地可供30头牛吃草,v.,放牧,吃草,擦伤,擦过,一群三级思考者聚在一起，高声叫嚷着他们那些偏狭的观点，彼此聊得很投机。你假设指出他们信仰中彼此矛盾的地方，他们绝不会对你感恩戴德。人类喜欢跟风，就像牛喜欢以同样的方式在一个山坡上吃草一样。,stampede,v. to (to cause to) flee in panic or to act on mass,impulse 使兽群惊跑；人群一窝蜂地涌向,n. a. a sudden frenzied or headlong rush or flight惊跑、 蜂拥,b. a mass impulsive action 冲动行动,Rumors of a shortage stampeded people into,buying up food.,a herd of stampeding cattle,a stampede of support for the candidate,纷纷支持那个侯选人,Grade-two thinkers do not stampede easily, though often they fall into the other fault and lag behind. Grade-two thinking is a withdrawal, with eyes and ears open. It destroys without having the power to create. (Para. 25),To get easily frightened and run with the crowd,To go to the other extreme, that is to act too slowly and lag behind,Detachment: (,冷漠,) as from social or emotional involvement; refusing to be part of the crowd.,Too much attention or excitement to unimportant things,to replace,pay, reward,It made me watch people shouting in joy and support of the King and wonder what this senseless excitement was all about although I did not have anything good to replace this exciting patriotism. But I did get something out of it.,object complement,It set me watching the crowds cheering His Majesty the King and asking myself what all the fuss was about, without giving me anything positive to put in the place of that heady patriotism. But there were compensations. (Para.25),v.,a.,to bestow (e.g. an honor),授予,b.,to invest with (a characteristic),赋予；使带有,c.,(vi.),to meet in order to deliberate together,or compare views,协商,confer,Examples:,The government,conferred,a medal,on,the hero.,Diplomas,were conferred on,members of graduating,class.,The engineers and technicians are still,conferring on,the unexpected accident,.,Synonyms,award,To be continued on the next page.,at a time,at all times,at one time,at the time,at times,at the same time,at the best of times,Please match the following phrases with their translations,一度，曾经,在,时候,尽管如此，同时,有时候,在最有利的时候,在任何时候，经常,那时候,at the time,She claimed that the Bible was literally inspired. I countered by saying that the Catholics believed in the literal inspiration of Saint Jeromes,Vulgate,and the two books were different. Argument flagged. (Para. 26),A true historical record,The Latin translation of the Bible, used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version,to become dull,变弱、疲乏、变得枯燥无味,flag,To decline in vigor or strength:,变弱，疲乏：精力或力量上减弱：,My appetite flags in the hot weather.,热天我的胃口不好,To decline in interest:,失去兴趣：,The conversation flagged.,谈话变得索然无味,“Both Methodists and Catholics believed that their Books are a true record of the Gods divine plan. The author used this example to defy Ruths illogical opinion, therefore the argument became dull because Ruth didnt know how to respond to it.,她声称圣经逐字逐句都是受到神的启示而写出来的。我反驳说天主教徒相信圣杰罗姆的拉丁文圣经也是逐字逐句受到神启示而写出来的。而这两个版本的圣经大相径庭。争论顿时变得了无生气。,That was too easy, said I restively since there were more Roman Catholics than Methodists anyway; (Para. 27),restlessly, difficult to control ones emotion,Here, the author pointed out Ruths logical error. The number of people who hold a view is no proof of its validity.,for (ones) money,According to ones opinion, choice, or preference:,依照某人的意见、选择或偏好：,For my money, its not worth the trouble.,在我看来，不值得这样费力,Note the authors description of the contrasting combination of his intimate action and strong defiant expressions, which eventually made Ruth withdraw and give up as a grade-two thinker.,I would bet on the Buddhists; I am sure, they are greater in number,More than she could accept or bear,If we were talking about the number of people who believe in this,I slid my arm around her waist and murmured that if we were counting heads, the Buddhists were the boys for my money. She fled. The combination of my arm and those countless Buddhists was too much for her. (Para. 27),give sb the third degree：,to question sb for a long time and in a thorough way,；,to use threat or violence to get information from sb,盘问,拷问,I got home after midnight and Dad gave me the third degree,libertine,One who acts without moral restraint; a dissolute person.,放纵不羁的人：行动没有道德约束的人；放纵的人,One who defies established religious precepts; a freethinker.,我行我素的人：反对已建立的宗教诫律的人；自由思想者,make for,to have or cause to have a particular effect or result; to help promote; to go to a place or rush Forward,导致、造成；有利于；匆匆地走向,Thoughtfulness makes for closer relationships.,As soon as it started to rain we turned round and made for home.,To make one fell proud of ones ability and cleverness,To be in the water that is too deep for you to stand in and breathe,The author uses this metaphor to express the idea that grade-two thinking has its limitations. It does not have anything positive to offer.,To find out the deficiencies of our elders satisfies the young ego but does not make for personal security. It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there, out of his depth. (Para. 29),Aspire,spa,vi.追求, 有抱负, 有雄心, 立志, 热望 渴求, 渴望(to, after),aspire after truth 追求真理,aspire after knowledge立志求知识,aspire to fame 追求名誉或地位,aspire to become an author 热望成为作家,aspire after wealth 渴望发财,I came up in the end with what must always remain the justification for grade-one thinking. I devised a coherent system for living. It was a moral system, which was wholly logical. (Para. 31),According to the author, grade-one thinking must be based on a coherent and logical system for living, in other words, a moral system, without which you cannot prove yourself to be a grade-one thinker. Judging by the context, this system probably refers to ones world outlook and basic political beliefs and moral principles.,stand by,He stood by me through all my troubles.,The police are standing by to control the,crowd if it is necessary.,You should always stand by your promises.,You cant stand by and allow such a thing.,a.,to remain uninvolved; to refrain from acting,旁观,b.,to remain loyal to; to aid or support,支持,c.,to keep or maintain,遵守,d.,to be ready or available to act,准备行动,In those prewar days when many people were fully worked up to a political craze, it was very dangerous to voice different opinions. You might lose friends or your job.,Had the game gone too far? In those prewar days, I stood to lose a great deal, for the sake of a hobby. (Para. 33),To go beyond what is reasonable and acceptable,His grade-two thinking which he takes as a hobby,To be likely to lose,