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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,三阴性乳腺癌新辅助化疗如何积极追求,pCR,乳腺癌分子亚型,PNAS 2001 ; 98 (19)10869,10874,Luminal A,Luminal B,Luminal C,Normal breast like,ERBB2+,Basal-like,ER+,ER-,定义,三阴性乳腺癌(,TNBC,):,ER-,、,PR-,(,IHC,1%,)及,HER2-,+,(,IHC,)或基因无扩增(,Fish,)的乳腺癌亚型。,TNBC,占所有乳腺癌的,1017%,。,侵润性癌中,10%,24%,为三阴性乳腺癌。,肿瘤分级高,组织病理学中最常见的是侵润性导管癌,罕见的病理组织学类型往往是三阴性乳腺癌:髓样癌、化生癌、囊腺癌。,TNBC,相关因素,多发生于绝经前年轻女性,,尤以西班牙和,非洲裔美国,妇女高发。,母乳喂养越多,,,包括时间越长,次数越多,,TNBC,风险越,低。,钼靶发现率低,与乳腺密度相关,多在初诊时能够触及包块,常在筛查间隔期被诊断出,Carey LA, JAMA 2006; 295:2492.,Morris GJ,Cancer 2007; 110:876.,Millikan RCBreast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 109:123.,三阴性乳腺癌,Basal,型乳腺癌,TNBC,与基底细胞样乳腺癌(,BLBC,)不是等同概念,有,70-80%,左右的交叉。,大部分,BLBC,也是,TNBC,,,80%,的,TNBC,是,BLBC,。,TNBC,,部分为,Normal like,。,Basal,型乳腺癌,部分表达,ER,。,TNBC,BRCA,deficient,BLBC,TNBC,与,BRCA1,20%,的,TNBC,存在,BRCA,突变,,,特别是,BRCA1,。,70%,的,BRCA,相关的乳腺癌基因表达谱类似于,BLBC,,免疫组化染色与,TNBC,一致。,临床上,,BRCA1,相关乳腺癌与,BLBC,和,TNBC,有以下共同点:,病理分化程度低。,临床进展快。,对,DNA,修复,损伤剂敏感性增加。,早期复发率高,+,内脏转移率高,93.1%,68.3%,82.2%,HR+ / Her2,-,HR,-,/ Her2+,HR,-,/ Her2,-,5y-DFS,相差,20%,TNBC,的预后,TNBC,Non-TNBC,P,value,Mean age,53.0,57.7,0.0001,Grade 3,66%,28%,0.0001,T2.0cm,36.5%,62.7%,0.0001,Node positivity,54.6%,45.6%,0.02,Local recurrence,13%,12%,0.77,Distant recurrence,33.9%,20.4%,0.0001,Time to recurrence,2.6years,5years,0.0001,TNBC,与非,TNBC,临床特征与预后差异,Dent R, et al. Clin Cancer Res, 2007,13:4429-4434,TNBCsurvival,CANCER, 2007,109(1):25-32.,TNBC,治疗现状,蒽环类,紫杉类,氟尿嘧啶,铂类,三阴性乳腺癌的矛盾:化疗敏感,但复发后侵袭性更强且总生存率更差,无法进行靶向治疗(内分泌治疗或者曲妥珠单抗),缺乏针对性的治疗指南,针对这一人群的前瞻性临床试验数据有限,TNBC,常伴,BRCA1,突变,导致,DNA,链间交联的药物如烷化剂、丝裂毒素,C,和铂类可能对,TNBC,作用更明显。,三阴性乳腺癌无特异性化疗方案,新辅助化疗的目的,缩小肿瘤,降低分期,为手术创造条件(争取更多的保乳机会)。,消灭微小转移灶,防止耐药细胞的产生,降低肿瘤细胞的活力,减少远处播散的机会。,判断肿瘤对化疗方案的敏感性,为后续治疗(继续或更改化疗方案、手术时机与方式)提供依据。,通过提高,pCR,而改善乳腺癌患者远期生存。,新辅助化疗能否改变预后?,Rastogi P, et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:77885,NSABP,B-18,生存,(%),100,非,pCR,pCR,598,86,266,14,分组,n,死亡,HR,0,2,80,60,40,20,0,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,手术后时间(年),0.32,p,0.0001,NSABP,B-27,0.0001,100,0,80,60,40,20,0,2,4,6,8,手术后时间(年),非,pCR,pCR,1857,397,490,42,分组,n,死亡,HR,0.36,p,新辅助治疗后获,pCR,预示良好预后,CTNeoBC,荟萃分析:,pCR,与,EFS/OS,Cortazar P, et al. 2012 SABCS Abstract S1-11.,1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4,0.2,0.0,0,50,100,150,200,1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4,0.2,0.0,0,50,100,150,200,EFS,OS,EFS,OS,有,pCR (n=2131),无,pCR (n=9824),有,pCR (n=2131),无,pCR (n=9824),HR=0.48; P0.001,HR=0.36; P0.001,时间,(,月,),时间,(,月,),pCR=ypT0/is ypN0,专家共识,新辅助化疗可以提高切除率和增加保乳机会,对于可手术乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗和术后辅助化疗生存期相似。,新辅助化疗达到病理完全缓解(,pCR,)患者的生存期则明显提高。,pCR,的定义是手术切除标本中原发灶和腋下淋巴结(,ALN,)均无浸润性癌残留。,临床研究显示,,TNBC,对新辅助化疗敏感性高。,TNBC,的病理完全缓解率(,pCR,)明显高于非,TNBC,,,TNBC pCR 17%-40%,。,TNBC 3,年的复发及死亡率较高,如果达到,pCR,,生存获益与非,TNBC,相同(,P,=0.24,),但如果未获,pCR,,,TNBC,的总生存期低于非,TNBC,(,P,35,岁),超声检查,von Minckwitz G, et al. Presented at 2011 SABCS.,GeparTrio,:近期疗效,(pCR=ypT0 ypN0),患者,(%),缓解者,(N=1344),P,=0.27,无缓解者,(N=604),P,=0.73,有效者延长化疗周期、无效者调整化疗方案均不能提高,pCR,率,常规治疗组(,TAC6,)与疗效指导组 (,TAC8/TAC-NX,)的,DFS,和,OS,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4,0.2,0.2,无病生存率,生存率,常规组,(n=1025),疗效指导组,(n=987),HR=0.71 (95%CI: 0.60-0.85),P,0.001,无病生存期,(,年,),总生存期,(,年,),常规组,(n=1025),疗效指导组,(n=987),HR=0.79 (95%CI: 0.63-0.99),P,=0.048,根据疗效调整治疗策略可提供更多生存获益,缓解患者的,DFS,(,TAC6,vs.,TAC8,),0.8,0.4,0.2,0,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,0.6,1.0,常规组,(TAC6) (n=704),疗效指导组,(TAC8) (n=686),HR=0.78,(95%CI: 0.62-0.97),P,=0.026,无病生存率,无病生存期,(,年,),有效者延长治疗周期改善,DFS,无缓解患者的,DFS,(,TAC6,vs.,TAC-NX,),0.8,0.4,0.2,0,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,0.6,1.0,无病生存率,无病生存期,(,年,),常规组,(TAC6) (n=321),疗效指导组,(TAC-NX) (n=301),HR=0.59,(95%CI: 0.49-0.82),P,=0.001,无效患者更换,NX,方案改善,DFS,DFS,:,Luminal A,根据,pCR,分层,根据治疗方案分层,DFS,:,Luminal B,(,HER2+,),根据,pCR,分层,根据治疗方案分层,DFS,:,Luminal B,(,HER2-,),根据,pCR,分层,根据治疗方案分层,DFS,:,HER2+,根据,pCR,分层,根据治疗方案分层,DFS,:,TNBC,根据,pCR,分层,根据治疗方案分层,DFS,与肿瘤类型的相关性,肿瘤类型,与,pCR,状态,HR,1,95%CI,P,Luminal A,1.01,0.41-2.48,0.985,Luminal B,(HER2-),3.74,1.15-12.1,0.018,Luminal B,(HER2+),0.88,0.38-2.06,0.775,HER2+,(,非,Luminal),5.24,2.25-12.1,0.001,三阴性,6.67,3.61-11.9,0.001,HR1,代表有,pCR,有利,肿瘤类型,与疗效指导治疗,HR,2,95%CI,P,Luminal A,0.55,0.36-0.82,0.003,Luminal B,(HER2-),0.40,0.20-0.79,0.006,Luminal B,(HER2+),0.56,0.33-0.97,0.035,HER2+,(,非,Luminal),1.01,0.61-1.67,0.978,三阴性,0.87,0.61-1.27,0.464,HR1,代表疗效指导治疗有利,GeparTrio,:研究结论,与常规化疗相比,疗效指导的,(长时间或序贯),新辅助化疗,改善患者的生存(,DFS,、,OS,)。,疗效指导方案改善,Luminal,型乳腺癌生存。,Luminal,型乳腺癌,pCR,率低,患者预后不依赖于,pCR,。,HER2+,或,TNBC,不能从疗效指导治疗中获益。,pCR,在这些亚组患者中具有高度预后价值。,未获,pCR,者意味着无法获得长期治疗效果。,对这些亚组寻求提高,pCR,的方案和药物。,三阴性乳腺癌,pCR,与,RD,的总体生存,Pal, et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011,125:627,Liedtke C, et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26: 1275-81,TNBC,新辅助化疗疗效与生存,Variable,TNBC,(n=225, %),Non-TNBC,(n=863, %),P,value,pCR,22,11,0.03,3y-OS with pCR,94,98,0.24,3y-OS with NOT pCR,68,88,0.001,绝大多数经新辅化疗后未达到,pCR,如何提高乳腺癌新辅助化疗的,pCR,?,如何选择和优化新辅助化疗?,哪些药物更有效?,哪些方案更有效?,哪种化疗形式更有效?,新辅助化疗的目标,是寻找能够提高,pCR,的化疗方案,新辅助化疗方案选择,NCCN,、,St. Gallen,专家共识推荐:,新辅助化疗首选含蒽环和紫杉的化疗方案,紫杉类与蒽环类可以联合使用也可以序贯使用(,TAC,、,AC-T,、,FEC-T,),,无标准的优势性方案,可参考辅助化疗方案,。,新辅助化疗,中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范(,2011,版),宜选择含蒽环类和紫杉类的联合化疗:,以蒽环类为主的化疗方案:如,CAF,、,FAC,、,AC,、,CEF,和,FEC,方案(,A,:多柔比星,,或用同等剂量的吡柔比星,)。,蒽环类为基础的新辅助化疗,M.D. Andweson,癌症中心,Liedtke C, et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26: 1275-81,Variable,Total,pCR,TNBC,255,57,(,22%,),Non-TNBC,863,98,(,11%,),NATT,:研究设计,三阴性或,HER2,阳性乳腺癌,N=102,多西他赛,75mg/m2 +,阿霉素,50mg/m2,或,表阿霉素,60mg/m2+,环磷酰胺,500mg/m2,;,Q3w6,手术,R,多西他赛,75mg/m2 +,环磷酰胺,600mg/m2,;,q3w6,手术,主要终点:,pCR,定义为乳腺癌与腋窝无浸润性肿瘤,次要终点:,DFS/EFS/OS,、保乳手术率、临床缓解率、安全性与毒性、,pCR,的预测因素,Chen XS, et al. 2012 ESMO Abstact 320PD.,NATT,:病理学缓解情况,(1),缓解率,(%),NATT,:病理学缓解情况,(2),患者,缓解率,(%),95,例患者出现病理学肿瘤与腋窝淋巴结缓解,NATT,:,DFS,Chen XS, et al. 2012 ESMO Abstact 320PD.,0.0,0.2,0.6,0.8,1.0,0,10,20,30,无疾病生存,(,月,),生存率,(%),P,=0.012,0.4,40,TC,TAC,NATT,:,OS,Chen XS, et al. 2012 ESMO Abstact 320PD.,0.0,0.2,0.6,0.8,1.0,0,10,20,30,(,月,),生存率,(%),P,=0.078,0.4,40,TC,TAC,NATT,:,结论,在三阴性与,HER2,阳性乳腺癌患者中,,TAC,与,TC,新辅助化疗的,pCR,无显著性差异,TC,基础上增加蒽环类显著改善,预后,(,EFS&DFS,),在本研究的新辅助治疗药物中,应当考虑蒽环类,为重要且,有效的药物,Chen XS, et al. 2012 ESMO Abstact 320PD.,接受含紫杉醇及蒽环类的新辅助化疗后,病理完全缓解率:,basal-like,乳腺癌:,45% (95% CI, 24-68),HER-2,过表达型乳腺癌:,45% (95% CI, 23-68),Luminal,型乳腺癌:,6,(95% CI, 1-21),normal-like,型乳腺癌:无一获得病理完全缓解,(95% CI, 0-31),蒽环,及,紫杉,类,TNBC,对铂类敏感机制:,BRCA1突变:DNA损伤修复功能缺陷,P53家族成员p73基因激活:DNA不稳定,铂类,J Clin Invest 2007;117(5):1370;,Br J Cancer 2003;88(8):1285,铂类为基础的新辅助化疗,94,例乳腺癌接受顺铂、表阿霉素、,5-,氟尿嘧啶,Sirohi,et al. Ann Oncol 2008;19: 1847,Variable,Total,pCR,TNBC,17,15,(,88%,),Non-TNBC,77,39,(,51%,),60,例,II,、,III,期乳腺癌,4,周期多西紫杉醇和卡铂新辅助化疗,14,例,pCR,病例中,10,例,TNBC,,相比,HR+/HER2,型 (,P,=0.0847,)或,HER2+,型(,P,=0.0635,),,TNBC,具有更高的,pCR,率。,紫杉,+,铂类,Chang et al. 2008 ASCO abstr 604.,铂类方案对,TNBC,的疗效,trial,Phase/NO of TNBC pts,setting,regimen,Outcome in TNBC,Sikov(2009),(n=12),neoadjuvant,Carbo-p vs Carbo-P-H,pCR=67%,Torrisi(2009),(n=30),Neoadjuvant TNBC,E-Cis-F,pCR+40%;ORR=86%,Silver(2010),(n=28),Neoadjuvant TNBC,Cis,pCR=22%,抗代谢类药物:,卡培他滨,study,pCR,(病理完全缓解),P,Xeloda,剂量,ABCSG 24,ETX 6,ET 6,mg/m,2,/d Q3W,24.3,%,16.0,%,0.02,2000,KOREAN,TX 4,AC 4,21%,10%,0.024,2000,GERPARTRiO,TAC 2 NX 4,TAC 2TAC 4,5.3%,6.0%,Non-inferiority,2000,geparquattro,EC 4T 4,EC 4T+X 4,22.3%,19.5%,0.298,1800,MDACC,TX 4,FEC 4,WP 4,FEC 4,18.7%,17.4%,0.81,1500,NSABP-B-40,TX 4,AC 4,T 4,AC 4,29.7%,32.7%,1650,Xeloda,剂量:,2000,mg/m,2,/d,Xeloda,疗程:,4-6,新辅助方案:,ETX,,,TX,META,分析支持新辅助化疗使用希罗达,ABCSG-24,III,期临床试验,n=512,,双臂,Korean,III,期临床试验,n=209,,双臂,French,II,期临床试验,n=182,,双臂,CTX,EDX,vs,ED,DX,vs,ACyc,CycEX,vs,CycEF,pCR,率,24.3%,vs,16.0%,21%,vs,10%,20%,vs,13%,P,值,0.02,0.024,非劣性,0.1,1,5,Overall (I,2,=0.0%),18.01,1.49 (0.742.99),French,16.31,2.14 (1.074.29),Korean,65.68,1.52 (1.072.17),ABCSG-24,支持含希罗达治疗方案,支持无希罗达治疗方案,相对风险,(95% CI),权重,(%),Ro J, et al. Eur J Cancer Suppls 2010;8:72 (Abst 48),多变量汇集分析,0.001,3.20 (2.194.67),赫赛汀(联合,vs,未联合),0.690,1.12 (0.651.94),三苯氧胺(联合,vs,未联合),0.022,1.62 (1.072.45),希罗达(联合,vs,未联合),0.009,1.58 (1.122.22),紫衫类(高剂量,vs,低剂量),0.002,1.55 (1.182.03),蒽环类,(高剂量,vs,低剂量),0.009,1.18 (1.041.34),治疗周期数(每增加,2,个周期),p,值,0.250.51.02.04.0,pCRs,更低,pCRs,更高,von Minckwitz et al.,ASCO 2010 (Abst 501),8,项德国新辅助化疗研究,5,项,Gepardo,研究,: GeparDo; GeparDuo; GeparTrio (x2); GeparQuattro,3,项,AGO,研究,: AGO 1; TECHNO; Prepare,XEC,对照,FEC,:,French,随机对照的,II,期试验,SURGERY,X,X,X,X,FEC (4,21d cycles),F: 500 mg/m,2,d1,E: 100 mg/m,2,d1,C: 500 mg/m,2,d1,RANDOMISATION,Berton-Rigaud et al,2008,n=180,CEX (4,21d cycles),C: 500 mg/m,2,d1,E: 100 mg/m,2,d1,X: 900 mg/m,2,bid d114,*Followed by endocrine therapy and/or radiotherapy as indicated,Docetaxel,(4 cycles)*,T: 100 mg/m,2,d1 q21d,主要终点指标:,pCR(,等效,),XEC,vs.,FEC,疗效更佳,Berton-Rigaud et al,2008,58%,12%,20%,54%,5%,13%,Clinical RR,Clinical CR,pCR,XEC,4 (n=94),FEC,4 (n=88),Patients (%),主要研究终点:pCR率,次要研究终点:腋窝淋巴结阴性率,保乳手术率,ABCSG-24,III,期、随机、对照试验新辅助治疗,N=512,分层因素:,月经状态,激素受体状态,组织学分级,HER2,受体状态,研究点,6,TE,手术,HER2,(-),HER2,(+),HER2,(+),HER2,(-),曲妥珠单抗,安慰剂,6,TEX,N=89,随机化,随机化,活检,Steger GG, et al. ASCO 2010 Abst 530.,TE =,表阿霉素,75mg/m,2,+,多西他赛,75mg/m,2,,静脉滴注,每,3,周循环,TEX = TE+,卡培他滨,1,000mg/m,2,口服,每天两次,连续使用,14,天,每,3,周循环,25,30,0,5,10,15,20,患者,(%),T,E,T,E,X,pCR,16.0,24.3,p=0.02,T,E,X,方案可显著提高pCR率,Steger GG, et al. ASCO 2010 Abst 530.,OR,95% CI,P,值,TEX,方案,0.56,0.3-0.9,0.03,年龄(量化),1.04,1.0-1.1,0.1,绝经后,0.53,0.2-1.3,0.16,组织学类型:导管,+,混合型,0.39,0.16-0.93,0.03,淋巴结状态,0.71,0.4-1.2,0.21,HR(-),0.21,0.14-0.34,0.0001,HER2(-),1.35,0.7-2.5,0.35,病理分化级别,G1+G2+Gx,2.84,1.6-5.1,0.001,经逻辑回归模型分析,导管癌、,HR,阴性或分化等级,G3,的肿瘤更易达到,pCR,pCR, n (%),给药方案,TNBC (n=122),非TNBC (n=348),比值比 (95% CI),P值,TE+X/TE,48 (39.3),38 (10.9),5.29 (3.22, 8.68),0.0001,TE+X,29 (47.5),23 (13.2),5.95 (3.05, 11.59),0.0001,TE,19 (31.2),15 (8.6),4.80 (2.25, 10.23),0.0001,三阴性患者可更多的从,T,E,X,方案中获益,TNBC,患者接受,EDC,方案获益更多(,16.3%,),TNBC,患者均可得到更多的,pCR,获益,Steger GG, et al. ESMO 2010 Abst 216PD.,肿瘤中的很多肿瘤细胞并不处于增殖期,而处于静止期(,G0,期)。这些细胞对大剂量化疗不敏感,故仅提高化疗剂量强度并不能完全杀死这些细胞。在常规化疗的间歇期,这些细胞重新回到细胞循环周期中,因此只能通过反复化疗和缩短化疗间歇时间来杀死这些细胞。,Norton-Simon,剂量密集学说,与“正常”给药间隔相比,,剂量密集化疗能杀死更多的肿瘤细胞,1,10,2,10,4,10,6,10,8,10,10,10,12,1,0,7,6,5,4,3,2,Months,Cell Number,1.Larry Norton. A Gompertzian Model of Human Breast Cancer Growth. Cancer Research48,7067-71,Dec.15,1988.,剂量密集方案显著提高,pCR,T1-3N0-1M0,N=258,Randomization,P, q3w4,P, qw12,FAC, q3w4,Local therapy,J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:5983-5992,Variable,Every-3-Weeks Pac.,(n=127),Weekly Pac.,(n=131),P,value,Dose intensity,75,83,-,pCR (all), %,21.3,30.5,0.2,pCR (HR-), %,23,48,0.007,JAMA 2006; 295:1658,剂量密集方案改善,ER-,患者预后(,C9741,),Randomization,q2w4,q3w4,Concurrent,A60C600P175,Sequential,A60P175C600,Concurrent,A60C600P175,Sequential,A60P175C600,NEJM 2008; 358:1663,剂量密集方案可降低,40%,复发风险,密集与标准化疗方案在乳腺癌新辅助化疗对比研究,Meta,分析,17,个随机对照试验,乳腺癌新辅助化疗中密集治疗更易达到,pCR,,提高,DFS,。,BCS,密集治疗与标准化疗无明显差异。,OS,有边缘优势 (,P,=0.06,)。,可手术乳腺癌比局部晚期乳腺癌在,DFS,和,OS,方面更易从密集新辅助化疗中获益。,局部晚期乳腺癌密集新辅助化疗可提高,BCS,。,激素受体阴性和,HER-2,阳性乳腺癌从密集化疗中更获益。,小结,TNBC,新辅助治疗的目标是追求更高的,pCR,?,TNBC,恶性程度高、预后差,,pCR,具有预测预后的意义,这类患者新辅助化疗应尽量追求,pCR,,若患者无希望获得,pCR,,应尽早手术。,TNBC,新辅助治疗方案?,无标准的化疗方案:蒽环,+,紫杉类,多伴,BRCA1,基因突变和,p63,、,p73,过表达,对铂类药物敏感,铂类联合紫杉,/,蒽环类药物可提高,pCR,,是否可转化为远期生存需更长的随访。,引入新方案:,NE,、,TX,、,XEC,。,剂量密集方案有助于提高,pCR,,降低复发风险。,
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