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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Belton Confidential:For training only,Basic Statistics&Use of Minitab,Belton Group,Rex Wong,Statistics,Statistics,isthebranchofsciencethatdealswiththe,collection,presentation,analysis,&,interpretation,ofdataforthepurposeof,decision-making,and,problem-solving.,Statisticsisacriticalskillinqualityimprovementasstatisticaltechniquescanbeusedtodescribeandtounderstand,variability,.,2,Variability,Variabilityistheresultofchangesintheconditionsunderwhichobservationsaremade.,Variabilitycancomeabout due to changes in,materialquality,machinesettingsorconditions,manpowerstandards,methodsof processing,measurement,milieu(environment),3,Population&Sample,Population,theentire set of measurements of interest,Sample,a subsetofdatafrom the population,Parameters,numerical measures of apopulation,Statistics,numerical measures of asample,4,Parameter vsStatistic,ParameterStatistic,Mean,Variance,StandardDeviation,5,Typeofdata,“Gappiness”,Whetherthere are gaps between successivelyobservedvaluesof avariable.,DiscreteVariable,gapsexist between observations,obtainedbycounting,Continuous Variable,no gapsexist between observations,obtainedbymeasuring,6,Statistics-Objectives,Statistics,is the branch ofsciencethat dealswiththe,collection,presentation,analysis,&,interpretation,of dataforthepurposeof,decision-making,and,problem-solving,.,Objectives of Statistics:,datareduction,DescriptiveStatistics,inferentialmeasurement,InferentialStatistics,identificationofrelationships,Regression,ANOVA,7,Statistics-Overview,Statistics,Descriptive Statistics,Inferential Statistics,Graphical Presentations,Numerical Measures,Charts,Tables,Location,Dispersion,Shape,Parameter Estimation,Hypothesis Testing,Point Estimate,Interval Estimate,Parametric Methods,Nonparametric Methods,8,Descriptive&Inferential Statistics,DescriptiveStatistics,comprisesthosemethodsconcernedwithcollecting anddescribing aset of datasoastoyieldmeaninginformation,InferentialStatistics,comprisesthosemethodsconcernedwiththeanalysisofasubsetofdataleading to predictions or inferencesaboutthe entiresetofdata,9,Descriptive Statistics-Overview,Descriptive Statistics,Graphical Presentations,Numerical Measures,Charts,Tables,Dot Plot,Box Plot,Histogram,Stem&Leaf Diagram,Bar Chart,Trend Chart,Frequency Distribution,Location,Dispersion,Shape,Mean,Median,Mode,Quartiles,Range,Standard Deviation,Variance,Interquartile Range,Skewness,Kurtosis,10,NumericalMeasures,Describesthe characteristicsof the data set.,Key numerical measures:,measures of location(centraltendency),measures of dispersion(variation),measures of shape(distribution),11,Measure ofLocation,Mean,(willnotbe discussed),Median,(willnotbe discussed),Mode,(willnotbe discussed),Quartiles,12,Quartiles,Whenan orderedsetof data isdivided into four equalparts,thedivision pointsarecalled,quartiles,.,The,first,or,lowerquartile,Q,1,is avaluethathasapproximately 25%oftheobservations below in value.,The,second quartile,Q,2,is avaluethathasapproximately 50%oftheobservations below in value.It isalsocalled the,median,.,The,third,or,upperquartile,Q,3,is avaluethathasapproximately 75%oftheobservations below in value.,13,Quartiles,Twenty orderedobservations onthetimesto failure(inhours)ofelectrical insulation material areshown below.,2042282523003244446247208169121176129613921488 151225202856319235283710,14,Measure ofDispersion,Range,(Willnotbe discussed),Variance,(Willnotbe discussed),Standard Deviation,(Willnotbe discussed),Inter-QuartileRange,15,Inter-quartilerange,The,inter-quartilerange,is anothermeasure of dispersion.,IQR=Q,3,-Q,1,The inter-quartile rangeis less sensitive toextreme valuesin asample than the range.,For the two samples(1,3,5,8,9and 1,5,5,5,9),theirinter-quartileranges are 5 and 0respectively.,16,Measure ofShape-Skewness,Skewness,The degreeof assymmetryof adistribution aroundits mean is referredto as its,skewness,.,17,Measure ofShape-Kurtosis,Kurtosis,Kurtosis,characterizes the relative peakedness orflatnessof adistribution compared toa normal(,mesokurtic,)distribution.,18,MiniTabsDescriptive Statistics,S,tat,B,asicStatistics,D,isplay Descriptive Statistics,produces statisticsfor each columnof data(or subsetswithin acolumn)and displaysthemin the,Session Window,and optionallyin agraph,the user has nocontrol over whichstatisticsarecomputed/displayed,S,tat,B,asicStatistics,S,toreDescriptive Statistics,descriptive statistics for each column(or subsetswithin acolumn)are displayed inadjacent columns within the,Worksheet,the user can selectwhichstatistics areto be computed/displayed,buthasno controlovertheorderin whichtheyare displayed,Instructorwillshowyouthe methodof usingMinitab.,19,GraphicalPresentation,Visual interpretation thethedataset.,Common graphical tools toillustrate a data set:,Dot Plot,Box Plot,Histogram,Stem&Leaf Diagram,20,Dot Plot,The,dot plot,is usefulfor displayinga small body ofdata.,The,location,or,central tend
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