Abstract科技论文摘要的写作课件

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,1,Abstract,科技论文英文摘要的写作,Skill Training,1 A,1,2,Reading by many peopleAdvertise！,Summarizing paper,Self-contained,Brief,No figures or references,Properties of abstract,2 Reading by many peopleAdve,2,3,Content,Definition,Classification,Factors,Tense in writing an abstract,Person and voice in writing an abstract,Some samples,3ContentDefinition,3,4,一、摘要的定义(Definition of abstract),概念：,摘要是以提供文献内容,梗概,为目的，不加,评论和补充解释,，简明、准确地记述文献重要内容的短文。,4一、摘要的定义(Definition of abstrac,4,5,它位于正文之前，,中文摘要以200300字为宜，英文摘要,通常,100500,个单词（,100150 words,）,。通常情况下，英文摘要内容应对照中文摘要进行翻译 。由于篇幅有限，必须十分简练，开门见山，直截了当，不使用多余的词或生僻的词，也避免使用冗长的句子。,5 它位于正文之前，中文摘要以200300字为宜，英文,5,6,摘要的主要功能(Main function),1),让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足,。,2),为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。,6摘要的主要功能(Main function)1) 让读者尽,6,7,英文摘要是用英文来表述文章的要点，所以写作要求很高。它同样也有写作的,ABC,原则要求，即,A,：准确（,accuracy,）,B,：简练（,brevity,）,C,：清晰（,clarity,）,英文摘要撰写原则,7 英文摘要是用英文来表述文章的要点，所以写作要求很高。,7,8,二、摘要的分类(Classification of abstract),根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类:,一是报道性摘要( informative abstract) :也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。,是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要，相当于,简介,。,特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。,8二、摘要的分类(Classification of abs,8,9,二是指示性摘要( indicative abstract) :,也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要。,是指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平的摘要。,一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题,而不涉及研究的材料、方法、论据和结论,多用于综述、会议报告等。,9二是指示性摘要( indicative abstract),9,10,三是报道指示性摘要( informative-indicative abstract) :,是以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中价值最高的那部分内容，其余部分则以指示性摘要形式表达。,10三是报道指示性摘要( informative-indi,10,11,三、摘要的要素(Factors of abstract),目的(Objective),设计(Design ),地点( Setting),对象(Subjects),处理( Interventions),主要测定项目(Main outcome measures),结果(Results),结论(Conclusion),目前大多数刊物倡导结构式摘要,( structured abstract) ,即报道性摘要的结构化表达,在内容上大致包括,11三、摘要的要素(Factors of abstract),11,12,三、摘要的要素(Factors of abstract),据统计，目前世界上约有60的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，但此种摘要,不适合综述之类,的文章。,摘要的要素包括,目的（objective）,方法（methods）,结果（results）,结论（conclusion）,12三、摘要的要素(Factors of abstract),12,13,结构式摘要的写作,1. 目的,（What I want to do?）,：,应简要说明研究的目的和意义，一般用12句话简要说明即可，不必太过冗长。,EI提出了两点具体要求：,1） Eliminate or minimize background information,2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract.,13结构式摘要的写作1. 目的（What I want to,13,14,常用英文表达方式,英文常以动词不定式“To +动词原形”开头,To investigate . and ;,To assess;,To determine whether;,To study;,To examine ;,To evaluate and compare ;,To improve;,To describe ;,To explore ;,To clarify;,To identify 。,14常用英文表达方式英文常以动词不定式“To +动词原形”,14,15,常用句型,The chief purpose,Object,aim,is to obtain,evaluate,find out,establish ,of the present study,the investigation,the research,15常用句型The chief purposeis to o,15,16,2. 方法,(How I did it?),：,论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺、结构、设备、手段、程序等，是完成研究对象的必要手段。,162. 方法(How I did it?) ：论文对研究对,16,17,常用英文表达方式,be carried out (performed, made, conducted),developed,employed,derived,synthesized,monitored,determined,measured,observed,recorded,examined,identified,tested,calculated,proposed,applied,by means of,by the use of,in the presence of in the absence of ,17常用英文表达方式be carried out (perf,17,18,常用的句型有：,(1),The author /writer of the article reviews (presents, gives, points out, discusses, analyses，tries to describe, explores, holds, deals with, summarizes, examines, investigates, researches into,),18常用的句型有：,18,19,(2)This article /paper /essay approaches (holds, reports, reviews，touches upon, tells of, is about, concerns,),19 (2)This article /paper /e,19,20,3. 结果,(What results did I get?),：,作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、性能、数据，被确定的关系等，是进行科研所得的成果。描述结果要尽量用具体数据，而不要过于笼统。,203. 结果(What results did I get,20,21,常用英文表达方式,was (were) ,We found that ,There was ,21常用英文表达方式was (were) ,21,22,（不）相符的表示方法,(to be) in good agreement with,(to be) consistent with,(to be) essentially identical with,(to be) contrary to,(to be) in contrast with,22（不）相符的表示方法,22,23,常用的句型有：,(1),Examples of,demonstrate that,(2),Statistics confirm that,23常用的句型有：,23,24,4. 结论(,What conclusions can I draw?),：,作者对结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用、提出的问题等，是结果的总结，显示研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性，体现论文研究的价值与学术水平，突出论文的,主要贡献,和,创新、独到之处,。,244. 结论( What conclusions can,24,25,常用英文表达方式,The results suggest / show that,The authors/Our suggestion (conclusion) is that,This study/article shows (suggests, confirms, reveals, indicates, demonstrates )that,It was shown( found, discovered, concluded, revealed )that,It can be seen that,These observations support,25常用英文表达方式The results suggest,25,26,四、英文摘要的时态 (Tense of abstract),1.目的说明：常用,一般现在时,、,一般过去时,，现在完成时少用。,一般现在时：用于摘要开头说明研究目的、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。举例如下：,This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to ；,涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。,26四、英文摘要的时态 (Tense of abstract,26,27,2. 材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外， 一律用一般过去时。,说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用,现在完成时,。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来。如：, has been studied for years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.,过去完成时,：只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况。,272. 材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外， 一律用一般,27,28,3. 结论部分：分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用,现在时,；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性，则用,一般过去时,为好。如：The result shows (reveals)，The conclusions are，The author suggests,283. 结论部分：分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意,28,29,五、英文摘要的人称和语态 (Person and voice of abstract),有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明, 科技论文中被动语态的使用在1920-1970年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动语态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”,“Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。,29五、英文摘要的人称和语态 (Person and voi,29,30,为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机抽查了500份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明，82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定。,30 为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机,30,31,英文摘要的语态,采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。,“,A exceeds B,”,读起来要好于,“,B is exceeded by A,”,。使用主动语态还有助于避免过多地使用类似于,“,is,”,“,was,”,“,are,”,和,“,were,”,这样的弱动词。,31英文摘要的语态采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足,31,32,主动语态。,现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。,如：,The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar,比,The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically,语感要强。必要时，,The author systematically,都可去掉，而直接以,Introduces,开头。,32主动语态。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越,32,33,被动语态。,以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。,例如：,In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.,33被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明,33,34,英文摘要的人称,近些年来，摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态、不定式或分词短语开头。,例如：To describe，To study，To investigate， To assess，To determine ，are developed， Based on，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。,34英文摘要的人称近些年来，摘要的首句多用第三人称This,34,35,六、摘要写作的注意事项（,Points for attention）,1.中文摘要前加,“摘要：”,或,“摘要”,作为标志，英文摘要前加“Abstract:”作为标志。,2.尽量用短句。,少用复合句。避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词，要组织好句序,使动词尽量靠近主语。,3.以重要事实开头，不以辅助从句开头，叙述要完整，清楚简明，并避免句型单一。提倡使用非谓语短语和介词短语进行逻辑关联，提倡使用公知的缩略语，不常用或新的术语首次出现时用全称，以后用简写。,35六、摘要写作的注意事项（Points for atten,35,36,4,.,摘要中不要出现公式、图表及特殊的字符。,5,.,不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准英语 。,6.要着重反映新内容和作者特别强调的观点。,7. 要用第三人称的写法。,364.摘要中不要出现公式、图表及特殊的字符。,36,37,删繁从简,例如：,at a temperature of 250 to 300, at 250 to 300,has been found to increase, increased,from the experimental results, it can be concluded that, the results show,37删繁从简例如：,37,38,能用名词做定语时就不要用动名词,例如:measuring accuracy measurement accuracy,能用动词、形容词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式,例如:,measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made, thickness of plastic sheets was measured,experiment results,experimental results,38能用名词做定语时就不要用动名词例如:measuring,38,39,可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用of句型,例如:,accuracy of measurement, measurement accuracy,structure of crystal, crystal structure,39可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用of句型,39,40,七、关键词,关键词的作用,体现论文核心内容；,通过关键词可查到该论文。,第一个为本文主要工作或内容,第二个为本文主要成果名称或若干成果类别名称,第三个为本文采用的科学研究方法名称，综述或评论性文章应为,“,综述,”,或,“,评论,”,第四个为本文采用的研究对象的事或物质名称,40七、关键词关键词的作用,40,41,2.选择关键词应注意问题,关键词应体现论文核心内容；,一般文章应标注中文关键词和英文关键词。每篇文章可选38个关键词。,尽可能不用英文缩写；,除专用名词外,关键词应是词典中能查到的词，不要自造；, 多个关键词之间应用分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。,(6),中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”或“关键词”，英文关键词前冠以“Key words：”作为标志。,412.选择关键词应注意问题,41,42,下面看几篇论文摘要。注意在英文摘要中，句子的主语通常使用第三人称，动词的时态以一般现在时为主。,42 下面看几篇论文摘要。注意在英文摘要中，句子,42,1.,Microbial metabolic characteristics and ecological controlling in Petroleum ReservoirA review,Abstract :,Petroleum reservoir has a variety of microbes with diverse metabolic characteristics and great,variation,.,These microbes play an important role in geochemical cycle.Research on their metabolism and ecological relationships enables the understanding,mechanism in,Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery(MEOR).Based on the present researches,we review the microbial metabolic characteristics and ecological relationships in oil reservoir.,1. Microbial metabolic charact,43,1.,油藏微生物的代谢特征和生态结构调控,摘要:油藏环境中孕育着多种多样的微生物，这些微生物代谢类型多、变异性大，在微生物生态系统中占有重要位置。 研究油藏中微生物的代谢特征和相互之间的生态关系,有助于提升对微生物提高采收率机理的认识。本文对油藏环境中常见微生物类群的代谢特征与功能、生态结构与调控等进行了简要综述。,1. 油藏微生物的代谢特征和生态结构调控摘要:油藏环境中孕育,44,2.,Abstract :,Objective The aim of study was to investigate bacterial diversity of Populus Euphratica forest in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert.All the isolateds were be used as inoculants for silage and biofertilizer. MethodsStrains were isolated by culture-dependent method.Gram staining,NaCl tolerance,enzyme activity (including amylase,esterase,cellulase) were determined by strand methods.Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were constructed by using the,neighbour-joining,.,2. Abstract :Objective The a,45,ResultsA total of 27 strains were obtained.Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene showed that all isolates fell into one of the following four bacterial lineages:Actinobacteria(16 strains),Proteobacteria (4 strains),Firmicutes(6 strains) and Bacteroidetes(1 strains).Gram staining indicated that 5 strains were gram-negative and the others were gram-positive.Among these,15 strains showed amylase activity,9 strains showed esterase activity and 9 strains showed cellulase activity.All strains growth occurred at in presence of 2% NaCl,22 strains growth occurred at in presence of 5% NaCl and only 1 strain tolerated up to 15% NaCl.ConclusionThe bacterial population diversity is abundant in soil of Populus Euphratica Forest in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert.,ResultsA total of 27 strains,46,2.,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性分析,【,摘要,】,：,【,目的,】,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性进行初步探索,为下一步从中筛选可用于生物饲料或生物肥料的微生物奠定基础。,【,方法,】,采用可培养方法,进行细菌的分离纯化。对各菌株进行革兰氏染色及淀粉酶、酯酶、纤维素酶和,NaCl,耐受浓度的测定,并提取各菌株基因组,DNA,进行,16SrRNA,基因扩增、测序及系统进化树的绘制,分析其多样性。,【,结果,】,共分离得到,27,株菌,其中放线菌门,(Actinobacteria)16,株,变形菌门,(Proteobacteria)4,株,厚壁菌门,(Firmicutes)6,株,拟杆菌门,(Bacteroidetes)1,株。革兰氏染色结果表明,5,株菌为革兰氏阴性,其余为革兰氏阳性,;,酶活测定结果表明,15,株菌具有淀粉酶活性,9,株菌具有酯酶活性,9,株菌具有纤维素酶活性,;NaCl,耐受浓度测定结果显示,NaCl,浓度为,2%,时所有菌株均能生长,5%,时能生长的有,22,株,15%,时能生长的有,1,株。,【,结论,】,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤中存在较丰富的细菌类群。,2. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性分析【摘要】：【,47,3,.,Physiological Performance of Transgenic Rice Expressing C4 Genes,Abstract :,In this study , the activities of C4 photosynthetic enzymes (including PEPC , PPDK,and ME ) , the gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency (WUE) under different light intensities and temperatures , and the metabolic index of active oxygen were determined in transgenic rice carrying PEPC , PPD K and ME genes ( PKM) , taking the C3 type untransformed rice(WT) and maize (a C4 plant ) as controls.,3. Physiological Performance,48,The result showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of PKM was intermediate between WT and maize, with a slight bias towards maize, while the WUE,of PKM was similar to WT. The C4 photosynthetic enzymes were highly expressed in the PKM. Under the conditions of high photon flux density and high temperature , the photosynthetic rate of PKM increased by 55 %, as compare to WT. Though,Pn,of PKM increase, its transpiration rate was also increased.,The result showed that the lig,49,Thus the WUE,of PKM was only slightly increased , and was similar to WT. In addition , the resistance of PKM to photo-oxidation was enhanced under the photo-oxidative conditions. Based on the above results , PKM possesses enhanced photosynthetic productivity , providing a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4 like rice with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and high yields.,Key words :,Transgenic rice ; Photosynthetic parameter ; Water use efficiency,Thus the WUE of PKM was only s,50,3,.,摘要,以C3 水稻原种(WT) 和C4 玉米为材料,研究了转PEPC + PPDK + ME 基因水稻( PKM) 的C4 光合酶活性、不同光温条件下光合参数和水分利用效率、活性氧代谢等指标。结果表明, PKM水稻饱和光合速率介于WT 和C4 玉米之间, 稍偏向玉米,而水分利用效率与WT 接近。由于玉米C4 基因的导入,PKM 水稻高表达了相关的C4 光合酶。在高光和高温条件下,PKM 水稻光合速率比原种提高55 %以上。另外,虽然PKM 水稻光合速率增加,但蒸腾速率亦升高,因此PKM 水稻的水分利用效率略有增加,偏向原种。在光氧化条件下,PKM 水稻耐光氧化能力进一步增强。,关键词,转基因水稻; 光合特性; 水分利用效率,3.摘要以C3 水稻原种(WT) 和C4 玉米为材料,研,51,4.,Abstract :,Objective We isolated and identified dominant microorganisms from the rhizosphere of,continuous cropping with peanut,to study the relationship between dominant microorganisms and peanut continuous cropping.Methods By using dilution-plate method we isolated dominant bacteria,dominant fungi and actinomycetes from the rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut.Morphological specificity,culture shape,physiological-biochemical characteristic and partial 16S rDNA sequences were used to identify bacteria and actinomycetes. Morphology, growth on various media,and Internal,Transcribed Spacer,(ITS) rDNA sequences homology analysis were performed to identify dominant fungi.,4.Abstract :Objective We iso,52,Results We isolated seven dominant bacteria strains,seven dominant fungi and seven dominant actinomycetes.,Dominant bacteria,were identified as Leifsonia xyli,Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus,Microbacterium flavescens,Sphingomonas sp.,Pasteurella sp.,Bacillus simplex and Bacillus megaterium.,Dominant fungi,were identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides,Penicillium purpurogenum,Hypocrea lixii,Exophiala pisciphila,Penicillium janthinellum,Aspergillus sp.and Verticillium dahliae.,Results We isolated seven do,53,Dominant actinomycetes,were identified as Streptomyces violaceoruber,Streptomyces flaveus,Streptomyces panaciterrae,Streptomyces achromogenes,Streptomyces pseudogriseolus,Streptomyces cellulosae and Streptomyces aureus.Conclusion This study was to isolate and identify dominant microorganisms from the rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut.The type of dominant microorganisms,in soil,changed obviously after planting peanut,although the change was without regularity.,Key Words,： peanut continuous cropping bacteria,fungi actinomycetes,Dominant actinomycetes were id,54,4.连作花生田根际土壤优势微生物的分离和鉴定,摘要,【目的】从不同连作年限的花生田根际土壤中分离优势微生物并进行鉴定,为研究花生连作后优势微生物的变化奠定基础。【方法】采用土壤稀释分离法从不同连作年限花生根际土壤中分离优势细菌、真菌和放线菌,结合菌株形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对细菌、放线菌进行鉴定,。,通过形态特征、培养特征和分子鉴定方法对优势真菌进行鉴定。【结果】从连作花生田根际土壤中分离鉴定出7种优势细菌、7种优势真菌和7种优势放线菌。7种优势细菌分别为Leifsonia xyli、氯酚节杆菌(Arthrobacterchlorophenolicus)、,4.连作花生田根际土壤优势微生物的分离和鉴定摘要 【目的,55,黄色微杆菌,(Microbacterium flavescens),、鞘氨醇单胞菌属,(Sphingomonas sp.),、巴斯德菌属,(Pasteurella sp.),、简单芽孢杆菌,(Bacillus simplex),和巨大芽孢杆菌,(Bacillus megaterium),。,7,种优势真菌分别为枝状枝孢菌,(Cladosporium cladosporioides),、产紫青霉,(Penicillium purpurogenum),、哈茨木霉有性型,(Hypocrea lixii),、,Exophiala pisciphila,、微紫青霉,(Penicillium janthinellum),、曲霉,(Aspergillus sp.),和大丽轮枝菌,(Verticillium dahliae),。,黄色微杆菌(Microbacterium flavescen,56,7种优势放线菌分别为紫红链霉菌(Streptomyces violaceoruber)、华丽黄链霉菌(Streptomyces flaveus)、Streptomyces panaciterrae、不产色链霉菌(Streptomyces achromogenes)、假浅灰链霉菌(Streptomyces pseudogriseolus)、纤维素链霉菌(Streptomyces cellulosae)和金色链霉菌(Streptomyces aureus)。【结论】本研究系统的从连作花生根际土中分离鉴定优势微生物,种植花生后根际土壤中优势微生物的种类发生了明显变化,但变化没有规律。,关键词,： 花生 连作,障碍,细菌 真菌 放线菌,7种优势放线菌分别为紫红链霉菌(Streptomyces v,57,5,. Breeding and Salt Resistance Evaluation of BADH Transgenic Alfalfa Cultivar Shanmu 2,Abstract :,Generating new germplasm of alfalfa by transgenic technology has become important in forage breeding.Using a T0 generation of transgenic plants with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase(BADH) gene as testing material,we tested the resistance to salt.The transgenic grass biomass was higher than that of the non-transgenic control in different salt soils.Dry grass production was higher by 13.11% to 24.98% in the transgenic cultivar than in the control.The betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene was stably expressed and inherited,suggesting that this transgenic line can be used for further breeding,.,【Key words】 alfalfa； betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene； salt-tolerance； selection breeding； shanmu 2 cultivar； transformation；,5. Breeding and Salt Resistanc,58,5,.,转BADH基因紫花苜蓿山苜2号品种的抗盐性鉴定及系统选育,摘要,利用转基因技术创造苜蓿新种质已成为牧草新技术育种的重要组成部分。以通过农杆菌介导技术获得的T0代转BADH基因苜蓿为试材,利用分子生物学方法对其自交株系的世代群体连续进行抗盐性鉴定筛选和系统选育,首次获得了具有抗盐碱能力的转基因苜蓿稳定株系。同时,通过品种比,5. 转BADH基因紫花苜蓿山苜2号品种的抗盐性鉴定及系统选,59,较实验、区域实验和生产实验,表明在不同盐碱地条件下,转BADH基因的苜蓿植株产草量明显高于对照(未转基因的中苜1号),生产实验的干草增产率介于13.11%24.98%之间。上述结果表明,外源目的基因主要特性的遗传稳定,进而从实践上验证了转BADH基因工程操作的实用性。,关键词,紫花苜蓿； BADH基因； 耐盐； 选育； 山苜2号； 转化；,较实验、区域实验和生产实验,表明在不同盐碱地条件下,转BAD,60,61,摘要写作的常用词和词组,control group 对照组,this article / the present study/ this study 本文/本研究,previous/ earlier studies 先期研究,a retrospective study 回顾性研究,a prospective study 前瞻性研究,as described in the literature 如文献所述,61摘要写作的常用词和词组control group 对,61,Exercise,:,1.,转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻的光合特性,摘要：【目的】系统研究ATP 处理后转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻的光合特性，证明ATP 是增强转C4 基因水稻光合能力的关键因子。【方法】以原种和转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻为材料，进行了PCR 检测，C4 光合酶活性的测定。通过ATP 处理后，分析了光、温光合曲线和活性氧代谢有关指标，统计分析了相关的产量构成因素。【结果】原种中虽有全套的C4 光合酶，但活性很低。PCR 检测出玉米的PEPC 和PPDK 基因转入普通水稻后，转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻高表达了C4 光合酶活性。在高光和高温条件下，同未施ATP 的相比，ATP 处理后转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻光合速率分别提高17%和12%。在光氧化条件下，耐光氧化能力进一步增强，产量提高15%。【结论】ATP 处理后,转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻增强了光合生产力，表明ATP 是设计类似C4 水稻的关键因子。,关键词：转基因水稻；光合特性； C4 光合途径；ATP,Key words: Transgenic rice; Photosynthetic characteristics; C4 photosynthetic pathway; ATP,Exercise: 1.转PEPC+PPDK 双基,62,2,.,转基因红花中角质细胞生长因子KGF-1的表达,摘要,通过构建重组表达质粒载体p139035S-KGF1和根癌农杆菌介导在红花(Carthamus tinctorius)中表达角质细胞生长因子(KGF-1)。从侵染到诱导生根共需要14周,转化率达0.1%。红花子叶在潮霉素筛选培养基上培养4-5周后便可获得丛生芽,再生芽移入含潮霉素的伸长生根培养基,培养4-8周可诱导生根。通过PCR、Southern blot、RT-PCR及Western blot检测证明目的基因KGF-1已经整合到红花细胞的染色体中,实现了KGF-1外源蛋白在红花中的成功表达,为开发KGF-1蛋白新的生产途径奠定了基础。,关键词,根癌农杆菌； 角质细胞生长因子； 转基因红花,Key words,Agrobacterium tumefaciens； keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1)； transgenic safflower,2.转基因红花中角质细胞生长因子KGF-1的表达摘要 通,63,1.,夜间增温对冬小麦生长和产量影响的实验研究,Winter Wheat Yields Decline with Spring Higher Night Temperature by Controlled Experiments,1.夜间增温对冬小麦生长和产量影响的实验研究 Winter,64,2.,基于分子标记的油菜隐性核不育,7-7365AB,遗传模式探究,Analysis of Genetic Model for a Recessive Genic Male Sterile Line 7-7365AB in,Brassica napus,L. Based on Molecular Markers,2.基于分子标记的油菜隐性核不育7-7365AB遗传模式探究,65,Cloning and Expression Analysis of the PVY Resistance,Related Gene NtPsaN in Tobacoo (,Nicotiana tabacum,),3.,烟草抗马铃薯,Y,病毒病相关基因,NtPsaN,的克隆及表达分析,Cloning and Expression Analysi,66,4.,酵母异源互补法鉴定,MbNramp1,基因的功能,Function Analysis of MbNramp1 Gene from,Malus baccata,(L.) Borkh Through Yeast Complementation Experiments,4.酵母异源互补法鉴定MbNramp1基因的功能Functi,67,5.,中国,20,世纪,80,年代以来育成糯稻品种的品质及其优质达标率分析,Analysis of Grain Quality and Superior Quality Rate of Glutinous Rice Cultivars Bred Since the 1980s of the 20th Century in China,5.中国20世纪80年代以来育成糯稻品种的品质及其优质达标,68,6.,苗期弱光对花生光合特性的影响,Effects of Weak Light on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Peanut Seedlings,6. 苗期弱光对花生光合特性的影响,69,Analysis of T-DNA Insertional Flanking Sequence and Mutant Phenotypic Characteristics in,Verticillium Dahliae,7.,棉花黄萎病菌,T-DNA,插入突变体表型特征和侧翼序列分析,Analysis of T-DNA Insertional,70,、高等生物的遗传控制,Genetic Manipulation in Higher Organism,、小麦花粉植株花粉母细胞染色体的变异,Chromosome Variation of Pollen Mother Cells of Pollen-derived Plants in Wheat,、放射性,32,磷治疗真性红细胞增多症,Treatment of Polycythemia Vera with Radioactive Phosphorus,、高等生物的遗传控制,71,72,The End,72The End,72,