现在分词与过去分词的区别教学讲义课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,*,First Level (SubTitle),Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth Level,*,*,First Level (SubTitle),Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth Level,现在分词与过去分词的区别,现在分词与过去分词的区别,1,I,want,to read a book written by the woman,living,there.,to read,written,living,非 谓 语,I want to read a book written,2,现在分词,&,过去分词,用法异同,现在分词&过去分词,3,现在分词与过去分词的区别教学讲义课件,4,现在分词与过去分词的区别教学讲义课件,5,现在分词与过去分词的区别教学讲义课件,6,不同点：,分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是,主动,关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示,被动,关系，所示动作已经完成。,There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.,A. followed B. following,C. to be followed D. being followed,简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰,noise,的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选,B。,不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑,7,The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912.,A. first playing B. to be first played,C. first played D. to be playing,简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰,The Olympic Games,的后置分词短语；再根据,The Olympic Games,对于动词,play,来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (,in 776 B. C.)。,因此，该题应选,C。,The Olympic Games, _ in 776,8,Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.,A. invited B. to invite,C. being invited D. inviting,简析：该题应选,A。,测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句,who were invited,The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.,A. having written B. to be written,C. being written D. written,简析：该题应选,D。,测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句,which were written,Most of the people _ to the,9,二、分词作表语,共同点：,分词作表语时，它起着,形容词,的作用。,不同点：,分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是,主动,关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示,被动,关系，所示动作已经完成。,（“令人,”“感到,”）,二、分词作表语共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。,10,This news sounds _.,A. encouraging B. encouraged,C. encourage D. to encourage,简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为,sounds,在此句中用作连系动词；再根据,The news,对于动词,encourage,来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选,A。,-,How did the audience receive the new play?,-They got very _.,A . excite B . excited,C . excitedly D . exciting,简析：该题应选,B。,测试他们被那出新戏所打动。,This news sounds _.,11,-,How did Bob do in the exams this time?,-Well, his father seems _ with his results.,A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please,简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为,seems,在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据,his father,对于动词,please,来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选,C。,-How did Bob do in the exa,12,三、分词作宾语补足语,共同点：,分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起,补充或说明,作用。,不同点：,分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是,主动,关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示,被动,关系，所示动作已经完成。,三、分词作宾语补足语 共同点：分词在复合宾语中,13,The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead.,A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying,简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语,the man;,再根据宾语,the man,对于动词,lie,来说应是主动关系, 而且,lie,这个动作与谓语动词,found,同时进行。因此, 该题应选,A。,The next morning she found the,14,-,Good morning. Can I help you?,-Id like to have the package _, madam.,be weighed B. to be weighed,C. to weigh D. weighed,简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语,the package;,再根据,the package,对于动词,weigh,来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选,D。,-Good morning. Can I help,15,I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.,A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed,简析: 该题应选,B。,测试动词,imagine,后要求跟动名词,Peter,是动名词的逻辑主语。,If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face.,A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move,简析: 该题应选,B。,测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。,I can hardly imagine Peter _,16,四、分词作状语,共同点：,分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。,不同点：,分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是,主动,关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示,被动,关系，所示动作已经完成。,四、分词作状语 共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句,17,1.,European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.,A. making B. makes C. made D. to make,简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据,European football,对于,make,来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选,A。,2._,a reply, he decided to write again.,A. Not receiving B. Receiving not,C. Not having received D. Having not received,简析：该题应选,C。,测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加,not 。,若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。,1.European football is played,18,3.,The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.,A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added,简析：该题应选,C。,测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。,4. “,Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.,A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily,C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing,简析：该题应选,A。,测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词,angrily,进行干扰。若,B,答案为,and pointed angrily,时也对。,3.The visiting Minister expres,19,另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语,不一致,时，需要,独立主格结构,或,with,复合结构,来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。),例:,The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.,A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied,简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是,his hands，,而不是句子的主语,The murderer ,而,his hands,对于动词,tie,来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选,D。,另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，,20,时态：,_,强调动作正在进行，,_,强调动作已经完成。,语态：,现在分词侧重于,_,，,过去分词侧重于,_,。,现在分词,过去分词,主动,被动,根本区别,现在分词过去分词主动被动根本区别,21,第四步：分析时态,第一步：辨别“谓与非谓”,第二步：找非谓语的逻辑主语,第三步：判断语态,非谓语的“有法可依”,第四步：分析时态第一步：辨别“谓与非谓”第二步：找非谓语,22,1.,I cannot understand _ such a well-paid job.,A. him to give up B. him to have given up,C. his giving up D. his being given up,2.Janes summer vacation in England led to _ an Englishman.,A. her marry B. her to marry,C. her being married D. her marrying,3.She was sad because of _ any chance left.,A. there being not B. there not being,C. not there being D. there was not,4.If you think a letter is too slow, why not _ a telegram?,A. try to have sent B. trying to send,C. to try to send D. try sending,5.There is no chance _ him today.,A. in seeing B. to seeing,C. of seeing D. about seeing,1.I cannot understand _ su,23,6.,I know you like _ . Would you like _ with me now?,A. to swim, to swim B. swimming, swimming,C. swimming, to swim D. to swim, swimming,7.Before _, the machine must be checked.,A. being used B. using it,C. being used to D. using,8.To give up _ means _ .,A. smoking, stopping smoking B. smoking, to stop smoking,C. to smoke, to stop to smoke D. to smoke, stopping to smoke,9. What do you think of the book?, Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.,A. to read B. reading,C. to be read D. being read,10. “What has made you so upset?” “_ my new bike.”,A. Lost B. Because of losing,C. Since I lost D. Losing,6.I know you like _ . Woul,24,11.,I still remember _ to Beijing when I was six.,A. to take B. taking C. having taking D. having been taken,12. Some foreigner used to _ on the left in their own countries, but now they have got used to _ on the right in our country.,A. driving, drive B. drive, drive,C. drive, driving D. driving, driving,13. He remained _ there, for he grew _ in many things there.,A. staying, interesting B. staying, interested,C. to stay, interest D. stayed, interested,14. It is important for parents and young people to learn how to get through to each other and develop skill in understanding and _.,A. being understood B. to be understood,C. understand D. understood,15. _ more trees is good for health and it is also important to stop waste from factories _ our surroundings.,A. To plant, pollute B. Planting, to pollute,C. Plant, polluting D. Planting, polluting,11. I still remember _ to,25,16.,I would appreciate _ back this afternoon.,A. you to call B. you call,C. your calling D. youre calling,17. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden?,A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking,18. “The light in the office is still on.” “Oh, I forgot _ .”,A. turning it off B. turn it off,C. to turn it off D. having turned it off,19. “I must apologize for _ ahead of time.” “Thats all right.”,A. letting you not know B. not letting you know,C. letting you know not D. letting not you know,20,. It happened _ when I left the station, so I had to wait until the rain stopped.,A. to be raining B. to have rained,C. to rain D. raining,16. I would appreciate _ b,26,21. _,more attention, the trees could have grown better.,A . Given B . To give C . Giving D . Having given,22. Climbing mountains was _, so we all felt _.,A. tiring ; tired B. tired ; tiring C. tiring ; tiring D. tired ; tired,23. The _ morning, the father came into the lonely house , _ by his naughty boy .,A. following ; following B. followed ; followed,C. following ; followed D. followed ; following,24. _ these pictures, I couldnt help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing and _ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent.,A. Seeing ; seen B. Seen ; seeing C. Seeing ; seeing D. Seen ; seen,25. Mrs White was glad to see the nurse _ after her son and her daughter and was also pleased to see children well _ care of in the nursery.,A. looked ; taken B. looking ; taken,C. looked ; took D. looking ; taking,21. _ more attention, the t,27,26.,I was fortunate to pick up a wallet _ on the ground on the way home, but unfortunately for me, I found my colour TV set _ when I got home.,A. lying; stolen B. laying; stealing C. lay; stolen D. lying; stealing,27. _ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and _ them light.,A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving,28. _ his head high , the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting _ then .,A. Holding ; being held B. Held ; holding,C. Having held ; held D. Held ; to be held,29. _,，,he still could not understand it.,A. Told many times B. Having been told many times,C. He has been told many times,D. Though he had been told many times,30. On hearing the _ news, I was too _ to sleep.,A. exciting ; excited B. excited ; exciting,C. exciting ; exciting D. excited ; excited,26. I was fortunate to pick up,28,Dont speak until _ to.(,speak,),2. _ more time, we could do the work much better.(,give),3. _ by the earthquake, the house had to be rebuilt.(,destroy),Because the house had been destroyed by the earthquake, it had to be rebuilt.,Dont speak until youre spoken to.,If we were given more time, we could do the work much better.,spoken,Given,Destroyed,Dont speak until _ to.(,29,_ , the earth is a water-covered globe.(,从太空望去,),_, it can never be forgotten.(,只要看一次,),The visitors came in, _,_.(,后面跟着一群年轻人,),Seen from space,Once seen,a group of young people,followed by,_ , the earth i,30,第三节 脏腑病辨证,脏腑辨证概说,1、概念,：,即以脏腑为纲，对病症进行证候分类的辨证方法。也是根据藏象学说的理论对疾病进行病理判别的方法,。,第三节 脏腑病辨证 脏腑辨证概说,（二）证候举要,1心血虚证,（心悸+一般血虚表现）,（）概念,-即因心血亏少，,心脏,失养所致的病证,。,（）临床表现,：(主症),惊悸，怔忡，,失眠多梦，头晕，健忘,，,面色无华，,唇色淡白,，,舌淡白，脉细无力(弱),。,（二）证候举要1心血虚证 （心悸+一般血虚表现）,心阴虚证,概念,-即因心阴亏少，虚热内生所致的病证,临床表现,：(主症),惊悸，怔忡，,失眠多梦,五心烦热，口舌干燥，舌红尖瘦，脉细而数 (或兼午后潮热，盗汗，两颧潮红),心阴虚证 概念-即因心阴亏少，虚热内生所致的病证,心气虚证,概念,-即因心气不足，鼓动无力所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症),心悸，,气短，动则益甚，,精神不振，易自汗出,面色淡白，舌质淡嫩，脉沉无力(弱)甚至间歇,心气虚证 概念-即因心气不足，鼓动无力所致的病症,心阳虚证,概念,-即由于心阳虚衰，不能温行气血所致病症,临床表现,：(主症)心气虚诸症+胸闷，心痛,，背畏寒，面色晄白,舌淡兼胖，苔白滑，脉,微细。,心阳虚证 概念-即由于心阳虚衰，不能温行气血所致病,10小肠实热证,概念,-即心移热于小肠所表现的证候,临床表现,：(主症),心烦口渴，口舌生疮，舌尖红，口渴便秘，苔黄，脉数,小便赤涩，尿道灼痛，尿血,10小肠实热证概念-即心移热于小肠所表现的证候,3.肝气郁结证,概念,-即肝失疏泄,气机郁滞所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症)胸腹胀满窜痛,连及两胁,情志抑郁,而喜叹息或咽梗如有异物,或乳胀经行不畅,或二便不爽，脉弦,病种举例,郁证，痛证，月经不调,3.肝气郁结证 概念-即肝失疏泄,气机郁滞所致的病症,4.肝火,上炎,证,概念,-即由于肝经火热内炽上炎所的病症,临床表现,：(主症)眩晕耳鸣，甚则耳鸣如雷；头目胀痛，甚则头痛如劈；或目赤肿痛;面红目赤，急躁易怒多伴便秘尿黄舌赤苔黄，脉弦数有,力,。,4.肝火上炎证概念-即由于肝经火热内炽上炎所的病症,（二）证候举要,1. 脾,胃,气虚证,概念,：即由于脾,胃,气不足，运化失职(无力)所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症)腹胀纳少,胃痛喜按，,大便溏薄，肢体倦怠,，,或面色萎黄，肌肉消瘦,，,舌淡苔白，脉缓弱,。,（二）证候举要 1. 脾胃气虚证,3.脾不统血证,概念,-即由于脾营气亏虚，不能统摄血液所致的病证,临床表现,：(主症)在脾气虚证的基础上，兼现慢性,出血,现象,轻者易发肌衄，鼻衄，妇女月经过多；,重者间发便血、妇女崩漏血色暗淡，血质稀薄久病则面色萎黄或淡白无华舌淡薄，脉细弱,。,3.脾不统血证 概念-即由于脾营气亏虚，不能统摄血液所,概念,-即由于胃中火热亢盛，消灼中焦所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症)胃脘灼热,甚者灼痛,渴喜饮冷,消谷善饥,，,或见口臭，或牙龈肿痛，或便结尿赤,，,舌红苔黄，脉滑数,。,8. 胃热证,概念-即由于胃中火热亢盛，消灼中焦所致的病症 8. 胃,（二）证候举要,1 肺气虚证,概念,-即由于肺气衰弱，宣降无力所致的病证,。,临床表现：(主症),咳喘无力，少气短息，动则益甚，咯痰清稀；多伴自汗恶风，易于感冒，舌淡苔白，脉弱,。,（二）证候举要 1 肺气虚证,风寒束肺证,概念,-即由于风寒之邪外束肺系之表所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症),咳嗽，鼻塞，痰涕清白，微恶寒，发热，无汗,多伴喉痒，或伴身痛，舌苔薄白，脉浮紧,。,病种举例,风寒感冒，外感咳嗽,风寒束肺证 概念-即由于风寒之邪外束肺系之表所致的,9.大肠湿热证,概念,-即由于湿热阻滞大肠，传导失职所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症)腹痛泄泻，里急后重，大便深黄、糜烂、秽臭，或夹赤白粘冻脓血,，,或伴灼肛，口渴，身热，尿赤,，,舌红苔黄腻，脉数而滑,。,病种举例,痢疾、暑泻,9.大肠湿热证概念-即由于湿热阻滞大肠，传导失职所致的,4.肾阳虚证,概念,-即由于真阳虚衰，虚寒内生所致的病症,临床表现,：(主症)腰膝酸软,畏寒足冷,神疲乏力,小便淡白,。,男子精冷，女子宫寒不孕，可伴肢体清冷，面色偏白，舌淡胖，苔滑，脉沉迟而弱,。,4.肾阳虚证概念-即由于真阳虚衰，虚寒内生所致的病症,六、脏腑兼病辨证,（一）基本概念与基本类型,脏腑兼病,-有两个及两个以上的脏腑发生病变者（包括同时为病和先后传变）,脏脏相兼,-如心肾不交、肝脾不调,腑腑相兼,-如胃肠食滞、胆胃不和,脏腑相兼,-如肝气犯胃、肝胆湿热,六、脏腑兼病辨证（一）基本概念与基本类型,4.心脾两虚证,（气血两虚）,概念,-即由于心脾两脏气血互损所致的病症,。,临床表现,：(主症)心悸怔忡，失眠多梦，头昏，健忘，食欲不振， 腹胀便溏，倦怠乏力,。,可伴见面色萎黄，妇女经少色淡，舌淡嫩，脉细弱,。,4.心脾两虚证 （气血两虚）概念-即由于心脾两脏气血互,6.心肾不交证,概念,-即由于心肾两脏水火既济失调所致的,心肾,阴虚阳亢,所致,病症,。,临床表现,：(主症)腰膝酸软,头晕耳鸣,手足,心烦热,心烦不眠,心悸不安,或口舌生疮,，,舌红,脉细数,。,6.心肾不交证概念-即由于心肾两脏水火既济失调所致的心,12.肝胃不和证,概念,-即由于,肝气郁滞，横逆犯胃，胃失和降而表现以脘胁胀痛为主的证候。,临床表现,：(主症)胃脘胀满窜痛，嗳气，呕逆，胀痛连胁，情绪忧郁，脉弦,。,12.肝胃不和证概念-即由于肝气郁滞，横逆犯胃，胃失和,第二节、脏腑辨证,2.患者黄某，男，55岁，因头痛，耳鸣，口苦5天就诊。患者近2月来工作繁忙，不顺心，现急躁易怒，头晕头痛，耳鸣，胁痛口苦，舌苔黄，脉弦数有力。血压170/120 mmHg。,辨证：,治法：,选药（中成药）：,用法用量：,第二节、脏腑辨证2.,第二节、脏腑辨证,2.患者黄某，男，55岁，因头痛，耳鸣，口苦5天就诊。患者近2月来工作繁忙，不顺心，现急躁易怒，头晕头痛，耳鸣，胁痛口苦，舌苔黄，脉弦数有力。血压170/120 mmHg。,辨证：肝火上炎证,治法：清肝泻火,选药（中成药）：龙胆泻心丸,用法用量：口服，一日三次，一次3克,第二节、脏腑辨证2.,第二节、脏腑辨证,3.患,者魏某，男，65岁，因尿频半年余就诊。患者夜尿频多，无淋沥涩痛，平素自觉腰半以下冷痛，时有下肢水肿，腰膝酸痛。舌淡而胖，脉沉迟。,辨证,：,治法,：,选药（中成药）：,用法用量：,第二节、脏腑辨证3.患者魏,第二节、脏腑辨证,3.患,者魏某，男，65岁，因尿频半年余就诊。患者夜尿频多，无淋沥涩痛，平素自觉腰半以下冷痛，时有下肢水肿，腰膝酸痛。舌淡而胖，脉沉迟。,辨证,：肾阳虚证,治法,：温补肾阳,选药（中成药）：,桂附地黄丸,用法用量：,口服 大蜜丸 一次一丸 一日2次,第二节、脏腑辨证3.患者魏,第二节、脏腑辨证,案例分析：,4.患者王某，女，56岁，因失眠多日而于2009年12月25日就诊。患者现失眠多梦，体倦乏力，食欲不振，面色萎黄，月经量少，色淡，舌淡，脉细弱。,辨证,：,治法,：,选药（中成药）：,用法用量,：,第二节、脏腑辨证案例分析：,第二节、脏腑辨证,案例分析：,4.患者王某，女，56岁，因失眠多日而于2009年12月25日就诊。患者现失眠多梦，体倦乏力，食欲不振，面色萎黄，月经量少，色淡，舌淡，脉细弱。,辨证,：心脾两虚证,治法,：益气健脾，养血安神,选药（中成药）：,归脾丸,用法用量,：口服 大蜜丸 一次一丸 一日三次,第二节、脏腑辨证案例分析：,