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,第二部分 专项语法 高效突破,专项,1,名词,高频考点,精讲,1.,规则变化,情况,构成方法,例词,一般情况,加,s,capcaps,；,dogdogs,；,GermanGermans,以字母,s,，,sh,，,ch,，,x,等结尾,加,es,busbuses,；,wishwishes,以“辅音字母,y”,结尾,变,y,为,i,，再加,es,ladyladies,；,centurycenturies,以“元音字母,y”,结尾,直接加,s,boyboys,；,monkeymonkeys,以,f,或,fe,结尾,一般变,f,，,fe,为,v,，再加,es,leafleaves,；,lifelives,考点,1,可数名词复数,以,o,结尾,有生命的加,es,tomatotomatoes,；,heroheroes,；,potatopotatoes,无生命的加,s,radioradios,；,zoozoos,；,photophotos,【注意】,有些名词虽以,s,结尾，但它们不是复数。如：,physics,物理；,maths,数学；,politics,政治；,news,新闻。,2,不规则变化,类型,例词,字母变化,manmen,；,womanwomen,；,EnglishmanEnglishmen,；,FrenchmanFrenchmen,；,childchildren,；,footfeet,；,toothteeth,；,mousemice,单复数同形,ChineseChinese,；,Japanese Japanese,；,peoplepeople,；,sheepsheep,；,deerdeer,复合名词的复数形式,a man teachermen teachers,；,a woman teacherwomen teachers,考点,2,不可数名词,1.,不可数名词通常没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词,a/an,限定。,2,可用,much,，,a little,，,a lot of/lots of,，,some,，,any,，,plenty of,等修饰。如：,There is a little milk in the bottle.,在瓶子里有一点牛奶。,3,不可数名词的数量表达法：基数词,/,不定冠词量词,of,不可数名词。如：,a glass of water,一杯水；,two pieces of paper,两张纸。,【注意】不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词取决于,of,前面的名词的数。如：,There are three glasses of milk on the table.,桌子上有三杯牛奶。,考点,3,名词所有格,名词所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,，,有两种表示形式,，,一种是在名词后加,s,；另一种是用,of,，,表示,“,的”。,1,s,所有格,类别,构成方法,举例,有生命的单数名词,加,s,Jims father,吉姆的爸爸；,Fathers Day,父亲节,有生命的复数名词,以,s,结尾加,the students desks 学生们的课桌；Teachers Day教师节,不以,s,结尾一般加,s,Childrens Day儿童节；Womens Day妇女节,类别,构成方法,举例,表示两个人共有一物时,在后一个名词后加s,Tom and Peters room汤姆和彼得的房间(两人共有),表示两个人分别拥有某物时,在两个名词后分别加s,Toms and Peters rooms汤姆和彼得的房间(两人分别拥有),表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等无生命的名词时,可在词尾加s或,en minutes walk步行十分钟的路程；an hours rest一个小时的休息,2.of,所有格,用来表示无生命的名词所有格。如：,the map of China,中国地图；,the door of the room,房间的门。,3,双重所有格,of,名词所有格。如：,He is a friend of my brothers.,他是我弟弟,(,哥哥,),的一位朋友。,of,名词性物主代词。如：,Is she a daughter of yours?,她是你的一个女儿吗？,考点,4,名词词缀,名词后缀,例词,er,waitwaiter,；,reportreporter,or,visitvisitor,；,actactor,ist,artartist,；,sciencescientist,；,tourtourist,；,pianopianist,ment,developdevelopment,ness,illillness,；,sadsadness,；,busybusiness,tion,educateeducation,；,inviteinvitation,ce,differentdifference,；,importantimportance,ion,decidedecision,；,expressexpression,an,AmericaAmerican,；,RussiaRussian,ship,friendfriendship,；,relationrelationship,sure,pleasepleasure,dom,freefreedom,英语中,，,有时一个名词加上不同的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。如：,sleep(,睡觉,),asleep(,睡着的,),sleepy(,瞌睡的；困乏的,),；,help(,帮助,),helpful(,有帮助的,),等。常见的名词变形容词的方法有：,名词,方法,举例,表天气的名词,y,cloudcloudy,；,sunsunny,；,windwindy,；,rainrainy,表方位的名词,ern,westwestern,；,southsouthern,；,easteastern,；,northnorthern,表时间的名词,ly,weekweekly,；,daydaily,；,yearyearly,表物质的名词,en/,y,woodwooden,；,goldgolden,；,sandsandy,；,stonestony,表情感的名词,ful,carecareful,；,beautybeautiful,；,hopehopeful,；,useuseful,y,lucklucky,；,healthhealthy,；,noisenoisy,less,carecareless,；,homehomeless,；,hopehopeless,表大洲与国家的名词,n,AmericaAmerican；RussiaRussian,考点,5,名词辨析,1.,语境辨析,分析临沂近十年的单项填空可以看出，名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查，同时减少对单复数和固定搭配的考查。学生在做题时，首先要读懂句意，抓住题干中的关键信息，并分析各个选项的意思，结合日常生活中的常识及语境，即可选出正确答案。如：我们口渴了就需要水,(water),和饮料,(tea,，,coffee,，,juice,等,),；饿了就需要食物,(bread,，,rice,，,meat,，,noodles,等,),；我们邮寄东西就要去邮局,(post office),等。,2,近义词辨析,(1)house,，,family,与,home,house,指供一家人住的“房子”，侧重于具体的建筑物,family,指由父母、子女所组成的“家庭”，是集体名词，既可把它看成单数名词,(,指整体概念,),，也可视为复数名词,(,指家庭成员,),home,指一个人出生或居住的地方，是有抽象意义上的“家”,(2)sound,，,noise,与,voice,sound,指可以听到的任何“声音”,noise,常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音，多指“嘈杂声；噪音”等,voice,指“说话声；唱歌声；嗓音”等,(3)job,与,work,job,是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指“零工”或“短工”,work,是不可数名词，指“工作；劳动；努力；用功”,(4)problem,与,question,两个词都表示“问题”。,problem,总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与其搭配的动词是,solve,；,question,总是与“疑问；质问；询问”相联系，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，与其搭配的动词是,answer,。,十年真题,全练,近十年来,，,临沂中考对名词的考查,，,主要考查的是名词复数、名词所有格及名词词缀。考查形式主要是单项填空、词形转换、听写等。预计,2018,年,，,可数名词复数、名词所有格和名词词缀仍是考查的重点。,考点,1,可数名词复数,1.2017,临沂，,63How long does it take you to get to school?,About 20,_ _,by subway.(minute),2,2016,临沂，,57You may find most Chinese,_ _,(kid)dont get enough exercise.,3,2015,临沂，,57By the end of this month,，,people in Beijing will be able to brush their,_ _,(tooth)with water from Hubei.,4,2014,临沂，,58Everyone knows that,_ _,(library)are places for people to study.,minutes,kids,teeth,libraries,5,2013,临沂，,63Please finish your food.There are many hungry,_ _,(baby)in the world,，,you know.,6,2011,临沂，,73As we know,，,Zhang Jiajie is famous for the different,_,(shape)of mountains.,7,2008,临沂，,71There are many fresh,_ _,(potato)in the supermarket.,8,2008,临沂，,68How do you know that autumn has arrived?,One way is that the tree,_ _,(leaf)become yellow or red.,babies,shapes,potatoes,leaves,考点,3,名词所有格,9.2015,临沂，,19I live near the station.Its only about five,walk.,A,minutes B,minute,C,minutes D,minutes,10,2014,临沂，,60It is said that,(tomorrow)sports meeting has been put off because of the bad weather.,11,2008,临沂，,18This is not my dictionary.Its,_,She lent it to me this morning.,A,my sister B,my sisters,C,my sisters D,my sisters,C,tomorrows,C,考点,4,名词词缀,12.2017,临沂，,67Mary and Tony are a pair of pet pigs.The two have recently got a special license so that their,_ _,(own)can take them for a walk.,13,2016,临沂，,62School bus,_ _,(safe)is a big problem in China.,14,
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