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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第一节 概述,一、人体的解剖方位,The anatomical position:,The body is upright,legs together,and directed forwards,The palms are turned forward,with the thumbs laterally,解剖学姿势:即身体直立,面向前,两眼平视前方,两足并立,足尖向前,上肢下垂于躯干两侧,手掌朝向前方(拇指在外侧)。,常用词根及构词,上,up,Epi-epicytoma,上皮瘤,epicondylar,上髁的,epicanthal,眦上的,epicotyl,上胚轴,Super-superalimentation,超量营养法,superrantigen,超抗原;上层抗原,superconductor,超导体,supercoiling,超螺旋,Supero-superomedial,上内侧的,superoxide,超氧化物,superovulation superolateral,上外侧的,Supra-supracallosal supracapsulin supraclavicular supragenual,Hyper-hyperphoria,下,down,Infer(o)-inferolateral,下外侧的,inferoanterior,下前方的,inferior,次的,低等的,inferiority,低等,Infra-infratemporal,颞下的,infraauricular,耳下的,infraglottic,声门下的,infraorbital,眶下的,Sub-subaxillary,腋下的,subachilleal,跟腱下囊,subcutaneous,皮下的,subarachnoidal,蛛网膜下的,Hypo-hypodermic,皮下的,hypoaffictivity,情感低下,hypobulia,意志减退,hypoblast,下胚层,左,left,Leva-levamizole,左旋咪唑,levan,左聚糖,levanase,左聚糖酶,levamfetamine,左苯丙胺,Levo-levocardia,左位心,levocardiogram,左侧心电图,levodopa,左旋多巴,levothyroxine,左旋甲状腺素,Sinister,sinistr(o),Sinistrocardia,左位心,sinistrogyratoin,左旋,sinisteral,左旋的,右,right dexter,dextr(o)-dextrocardia,右位心,dextrocardiogram,右侧心电图,dextroratation,右旋,dextrocular,惯用右眼的,(二)常用方位术语,1、,superior,和,inferior:,above another structure is superior,below another structure is inferior,按解剖学姿势,头居上,足在下。近头侧者为上,远头侧者为下。,在比较解剖学或胚胎学,由于动物和胚胎体位的关系,常用颅侧,cranial,代替上;用尾侧,caudal,代替下。,在四肢则常用近侧,proximal,远侧,distal,描述部位间的关系,即靠近躯干的根部为近侧,而相对距离较远或末端的部位为远侧。,2、,anterior,和,posterior:,in front of another structure is anterior,,,behind another structure is anterior,。,在比较解剖学上通常称为腹侧,ventralis,和背侧,dorsalis。,在描述手时则常用,palmar,和,dorsalis,。,3、,medialis,和,lateralis:,以身体的中线为准,距中线近者为内侧,离中线相对远者为外侧。,描述上肢的结构时,由于前臂尺、桡骨并列,尺骨在内侧,桡骨在外侧,故可以用,ulnar,代替内侧,用,radial,代替外侧。,下肢小腿部有胫、腓骨并列,胫骨在内侧,腓骨居外侧,故又可用,tibial,和,fibular,称之。,4、,interior,和,exterior:,用以表示某些结构和腔的关系,应注意与内侧和外侧区分。,5、,superficial:closer to the body surface,deep:further away from the body surface,靠近体表的部分叫浅,相对深入潜居于内部的部分叫深。,左、右,水平,中央,垂直等。,二、,anatomical planes,(一)轴,axis,以解剖学姿势为准,可将人体设三个典型的互相垂直的轴。,矢状轴一为前后方向的水平线;,冠状(额状)轴一为左右方向的水平线;,垂直轴一为上下方向与水平线互相垂直的垂线。,轴多用于表达关节运动时骨的位移轨迹所沿的轴线。,(二),plane,sagittal plane,是沿矢状轴方向所做的切面,它是将人体分为左右两部分的纵切面,,median sagittal plane is the vertical plane passing through the midline of the body from the front to the back。,coronal plane or frontal plane,are vertical planes perpendicular to the sagittal planes,是沿冠状轴方向所做的切面,它是将人体分为前后两部的纵切面。,horizontal plane or transverse plane,为沿水平线所做的横切面,它将人体分为上下两部,,lie at right angles to both the sagittal and coronal plane。,须要注意的是,器官的切面一般不以人体的长轴为准而以其本身的长轴为准,即,沿其长轴所做的切面叫纵切面,longitudinal section,,而与长轴垂直的切面叫横切面,transverse section。,
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