英汉对比之刚性与柔性ppt课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture 3,刚性与柔性,Rigid vs.Supple,Lecture 3刚性与柔性,一、英语的刚性,英语有综合语的特点，受形态约束，其语法具有刚性，没有弹性。,汉语是分析语，不受形态约束，其语法具柔性，富于弹性。,上述差异构成英汉互译和中国学生英语写作的错误之源。比如：,一、英语的刚性 英语有综合语的特点，受形态约束，其语法具有刚,E.g.Run-on sentences,Because of,AIDS only have the four infect ways,we stay with HIV carriers is safety,（,It is safe for us to because there are only four channels for HIV to spread.,）,.,E.g.Run-on sentencesBecause o,（一）英语基本句型及其扩展句型,英语的刚性体现在句子有,严谨的主谓结构,。,即：,名词性短语（,NP,）,+,动词性短语（,VP,）。,主语,+,谓语,注意：主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的轴心，两者协调一致（,S-V concord,）。,特点：,英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后应，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”（,compactness,）。,（一）英语基本句型及其扩展句型英语的刚性体现在句子有严谨的主,Fragments,破碎句,/,碎片句,若主谓结构不完整，只有词、短语或从句，,则称为破碎句,/,碎片句（,fragments,）。,E.g.,1)Then how to solve the problem?,2)Avoiding using Chinese thinking way to make English sentence.,As we all known,AIDS is.,Fragments 破碎句/碎片句若主谓结构不完整，只有词、,尽管英语句子错综复杂，千变万化，但其主谓结构可以归结为五种基本句型：,SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,SVOC.,注意：,从句的三大成分缺一不可,conj.+S+PV,When I going(X),As we all known,AIDS is.(X),尽管英语句子错综复杂，千变万化，但其主谓结构可以归结为五种基,基本句型一：主语,+,动词,SV,The telephone rang.,The meeting has begun.,基本句型二：主语,+,动词,+,表语,SVP,We are students.,She appeared cheerful.,基本句型一：主语+动词 SV,基本句型三：主语,+,动词,+,宾语,SVO,Labor created man.,The news surprised me.,基本句型四：主语,+,动词,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,SVoO,She sang us a song.,I sent him a letter.,基本句型三：主语+动词+宾语 SVO,基本句型五：主语,+,动词,+,宾语,+,宾语补足语,SVOC,He painted the door green.,We elected him our monitor.,基本句型五：主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语,英语各种长短句均可看成是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略、倒装。,1,基本句型的变式。,a),陈述句变疑问句,Has the meeting begun?,b),肯定句变否定句,We are not students.,c),主动句变被动句,The door was painted green.,d)“There+be+,主语”结构,There was a meeting yesterday.,英语各种长短句均可看成是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、,（二）,.,基本句型的扩展手段。,1.,增加修饰语,主,-,谓,-,宾,The lady was scolding the girl.,定,主,-,状,谓,-,定,宾,-,状,The,middle-aged,lady was,angrily,scolding the,pitiful,girl,yesterday,.,（二）.基本句型的扩展手段。1.增加修饰语,2.,扩展基本句型的成分,状,(,从,),定,主,定（从）,-,状,谓,-,定,宾,定（从）,状（从,),When I got in,the,middle-aged,lady,who you may know,was,angrily,scolding,the,pitiful,girl,who may just have come from the country,in the restaurant,for she had spilt soup on her dress,.,2.扩展基本句型的成分状(从)定主定（从）-状谓-定宾定（,3.,基本句型的组合。使用并列连词与标点符号组成并列复合句,A few stars are known,which,are hardly bigger than the earth,but,the majority are,so,large,that,hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare,;,here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.,3.基本句型的组合。使用并列连词与标点符号组成并列复合句,4.,基本句型的省略。,Late afternoon.The sky hunkers down,presses,like a lover,against the land.Small sounds.A far sheep,faint barking.Time to drive on,toward Strathpeffer,friends,a phone call from my father.,(From Culloden-a travelers journal in stream of consciousness),4.基本句型的省略。,5.,基本句型的倒装。,The greatest truths are the simplest,so are the greatest men.,Neither could theory do without practice,nor(could)practice(do)without theory.,5.基本句型的倒装。,（三）、英语聚集型句式的成因,原因,1,聚集句子的,手段众多,注重句子结构完整，,结构形式规范，,使用形态标志,及,连接词,语使各种成分关系明确,，,使用表照应关系的“,it”,、“,there,”,以及大量其它代词使句子结构紧凑、完整。,（三）、英语聚集型句式的成因原因1聚集句子的手段众多,原因,2,：句子成分之间或词语之间必须在人称、数、性和意义等方面保持协调一致的关系。,a),语法一致（,grammatical concord,）,She is a student.They are students.,I found the boy a bright pupil.,I found the boys bright pupils.,The girl has seen her mother.,原因2：句子成分之间或词语之间必须在人称、数、性和意义等方面,b),意义一致（,notional concord,）,Two thousand dollars is more than he can afford.,My family are all fond of playing table tennis.,Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities,the pandas are reported to have settled down very well.,b)意义一致（notional concord）,c),就近原则（,principle of proximity,）,Either you or I am going.,Neither you,nor I,nor anyone else knows the answer.,c)就近原则（principle of proximity,二、汉语的柔性,汉语不受形态约束，无“主谓一致”之刚性要求，具有多样性、复杂性、灵活性等柔性特点，因而句式呈“流散型”。,（一）、汉语句型结构的大致分类,形式多样的主语；,汉语主语,不仅形式多样，而且可有可无；,它可表示施事、受事，也可表示时间、地点；,可用名词、动词，也可用形容词、数量词；,句子可以没有主语，也可以省略主语，,还可以变换主语并予以隐含。,二、汉语的柔性 汉语不受形态约束，无“主谓,形式多样的汉语主语,文章翻译完了。,The article has been translated.,累得我站不起来了。,Im so exhausted that I cant stand up.,他有个女儿，（）在北京工作，（）已经打电话去了，（）听说明天就能回来。,He has a daughter,who works in Beijing.Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.,形式多样的汉语主语 文章翻译完了。,汉语的谓语复杂多样,它可以是动词、名词、形容词；,可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没有动词；,它可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组,;,可以是连动式、兼语式、把字时、紧缩式或主谓式；,可以不必与主语搭配而独立成句，构成非主谓句。,汉语的谓语复杂多样 它可以是动词、名词、形容词；,汉语的谓语复杂多样,天,高,云,淡,。（形容词作谓语）,The sky is high and the clouds are pale.,他,出国留学,去了。（连动式）,He has gone abroad for further studies.,我,介绍他加入,协会。（兼语式）,I recommended him for membership of the association.,这项合同,经理要签名,。（主谓词组）,This contract should be signed by the manager.,汉语的谓语复杂多样天高云淡。（形容词作谓语）,汉语的句型,英语重形合（,hypotaxis,），一般以成分格局为主、功能意义为辅来划分句型；,汉语重意合（,parataxis,），一般以功能意义为主、成分格局为辅来划分句型。,汉语的主谓结构大约占,50%,话题结构约占,50%,，即“话题,(topic)+,说明,(comment)”,。,汉语的句型英语重形合（hypotaxis），一般以成分格局为,按,表意功能,及,表达形式,，汉语句型大致分为,九大类,：,1,话题句：话题语,+,评论语,开车他没有经验。,He is inexperienced in driving.,2.,施事句：施事语,+,动作语,他在学习开车。,He is learning how to drive.,3.,关系句,（因为）他天天练习开车，（所以）很快就学会了。,He soon learnt how to drive because of his daily practice.,按表意