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*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Cross-cultural Communication,Week 9,Contents,National Culture-Value,Value-Western vs.Asian,Language,-High context,-Low context,-Mode of thinking,-Mode of speaking,Cultural Dimension(con.),Assignment 1,National Culture(con.),It influences family life,education,organisation culture and economic and political structures.,The,sense of belonging,to a nation is one of the most important focal points of cultural identity.,Values,are a societys ideas about what is good or bad,right or wrong.It determines how individuals will probably respond in any given circumstance.,Values,are communicated through the eight subsystems and passed from generation to generation-although interaction and pressure among these subsystem may provide the impetus for slow change.,Western value:,Based on individualism formed a logic foundation for individual freedoms in society,entailing both economic and political freedoms.These freedoms are the basis of the Western value systems that underline the market economy,Asian value:,Confucianism,Confucian ethic is usually depicted as a set of values in which loyalty,hierarchy and obedience to superiors are paramount,and the individual is subordinate to the group,Value:Western vs.Asian,Language,-It is the basic means of communication between people,which facilitates social interaction and fosters a system of shared values and norms.,-It is much more than the vocabulary and grammar that make up written and spoken expression.,National Culture(con.),Chinese vs.English,Chinese,Largest numbers of people,20%of the worlds population,English,The commonest language for the global media and the internet,and the commonest second language,India is one of the worlds most multi-lingual countries,with 14 major languages and many more minor ones,Language could be distinguished between,(Hall&Hall,1960):,-,Low-context,a),Communication is clear and direct,b),Speakers come straight to the point and say exactly what they mean,-,High-context,a),Much goes unsaid,b)Depending on the relationship between the speakers,each is able to interpret body language and read between the lines,Languages,Example:,According to a research,-Adults in,Hawaii of States,talking time is 6 hrs and 43 minutes a day,-,Japans,adults talk 3 hrs and 31 minutes every day,Languages,Cultural Context:Effects on Communication,Low/High Context Culture Misinterpretation,In cross cultural communication between high and low context people,lack of understanding may preclude reaching solution,and conflict may arise.,People from high context culture perceive those with low context cultures as too talkative,too obvious,and redundant.,People from low context culture perceive high context culture as non disclosing,and mysterious.,Communication Style,Way of expression,argument and thinking,Mode Thinking&Argument(Karl Pribram,?),-Based on commonly accepted concepts,France,Latin American countries,etc,-Emphasize on inductive method and verification,-Emphasize on the harmonization between parts and whole,evidence,Germany,-Dialectical statement,Chinese,Topic comment Structure,Languages,Mode of Speaking,Westerns,are more used to express their affirmative and confirmed opinion or thoughts;,However,Japanese,prefer to avoiding the resolute and decisive answer.,English,German,Languages in Asia,(Robert Kaplan,1966),Cultural Dimension(con.),Trompennars research covered 15,000 managers in 28 countries,5 Relationship Orientations,(Trompenaars,1994),-Universalism vs Particularism,-Individualism vs Collectivism,-Neutral vs Emotional,-Specific vs Diffuse,-Achievement vs Ascription,Universalism vs.Particularism,Universalism,-Formal rules,agreement,-UK,USA,Australia and etc,Particularism,-Relationships,-China,Neutral culture,-Less inclined to show feelings,-Japan,South Korean,Emotional,-More open and expressive,-Mexico,Greek,Neutral vs.Emotional,Specific,-Clear separation between work and private life,-USA,Australia,UK,and etc,Diffuse,-The whole person is involved in a business relationship,-China,Specific vs.Diffuse,Achievement vs.Ascription,Achievement,-People derive status form their accomplishments and records,-USA,UK,Ascription,-Status related to birth,family,gender,or age,-China,other Asian cultures,Assignment 1:Case Research Report,Duration Time,Research report,:20,th,Nov.2006,(Before 1:00pm),Presentation,:27,th,Nov.2006,Mark Scheme,Research report,(50%),Presentation,(50%),Hand-In Place,Rm222,Chinese School,(Before 1:00pm),Requirements:,-According to what weve learned,this research must cover:,a)what are the images of foreigners in your mind?,b)what are the images of Chinese in foreigners mind?,c)In you mind,what do you think of the Chinese Sellers in the case study?,d)In foreigners eyes,what do they think if it happened on them?,-The report should be typed with font size 12,space 1.5,and printed,-,References,must be put into the,Work Cited,part,-,Questionna
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