基础写作之组句-衔接两级作文法

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2007-4-19,*,基础写作之,组句衔接两级作文法,林汝森,2007-4-19,1,基础写作一般测试学生的语言表达能力，对内容控制的能力，基本写作技巧,(,如标点符号，大小写等,),与文体意识的能力。,2007,年广东省高考英语试题写作部分会采用基础写作的测试题型，本题主要测试学生是否具有基本的语言表达能力和基本写作技巧。内容已经在题目中给出，写作压力应该不大。,2007-4-19,2,基础写作的内容可以分为三大类：文字类，表格类和图画类，难度从易到难排列。我们知道，语篇是内容上的联系,(coherence),与形式上的联系,(cohesion),相互结合的结果，前者决定后者，后者可以使前者逻辑关系更加鲜明。例如，以下的例子说明了形式上的联系在语篇中的作用。,2007-4-19,3,例子,1,：,We take part in some social activities.These activities benefit us a lot.These activities widen our knowledge.We can put our study into practice and that can enrich our experience.These experiences can help us to solve many difficult problems and supplement our knowledge.,2007-4-19,4,例子,2,：,We take part in some social activities,because,they benefit us a lot.,For one thing,these activities can widen our knowledge.,For another,we can put our study into practice,to enrich,our experience,which,will help us solve many difficult problems and supplement our knowledge.,2007-4-19,5,例子,1,到例子,2,是通过改善逻辑衔接提高连贯的程度。因此,我们可以参照从例子,1,到例子,2,过渡的办法来设计基础写作的过程。,第一步先把题目分解为,5,个意义连贯的句子，然后翻译为英文；,第二步再根据,5,个句子意义之间的逻辑关系,在句首加上表示语篇句子关系的标记词,(marker),例如前文中的,because,for one thing,for another,等等，从而使文章连贯起来。,2007-4-19,6,1.,文字类解题指导,例题,1,：请根据以下的情景说明，使用,5,个规范的英语句子描述全部所给的信息内容。,情景说明,你们学校将要举办寒假英语短期会话班，请你出一张书面通知。,2007-4-19,7,1,办班目的：提高学生英语听力和口头表达能力；,2,办班时间：,1,月,27,日,-2,月,5,日；,3,办班地点：教学大楼,221,室；,4,报名地点：教师办公室；,5,补充说明：美籍教师,Mr.Black,夫妇，每星期将两次来班上与学生进行会话。,2007-4-19,8,书面表达评分,标准,告诉我们,文章从内容,(,完整性,),、语言,(,句子,结构的,复杂程度,和语法,的准确性,),和文采修辞,(,连贯性,),三,个方面进行评价。我们可以分三,步走来完成,任务,。,第一步：句子的组织,用汉语把所用的内容切分为,5,个意义关联，但又相对,独立的部分,(,意群,),实现,连贯。,例如，本文可以这样处理：,2007-4-19,9,1.,为了提高学生的英语听力和口头表达能力，我们学校将要举办寒假英语短期会话班。,2,会话班在教学大楼,221,室上课，时间从,1,月,27,日到,2,月,5,日。,3.,美籍教师,Mr.Black,夫妇，每星期将两次来班上与学生进行会话。,4,这是练习英语听说能力的好机会。,5,想参加的同学，请到教师办公室报名。,2007-4-19,10,第二步：把,5,个意群写在,5,道横线上，注意语法、用词的准确。复杂的意群用从句、分词等连接，从而实现语法形式上的衔接。例如第一句，可以处理为：,We are going to hold an English conversation class during the winter holidays.The class can improve the students ability to listen to and speak English.,2007-4-19,11,我们,可以用从句对进行句子合并,，即：,We are going to hold an English conversation class during the winter holidays,which,can improve the students ability to listen to and speak English.,2007-4-19,12,或者，,用非谓语,动词合并,，,不定式可以表示目的,，,In order to improve,the students ability to listen to and speak English,we are going to hold an English conversation class during the winter holidays.,2007-4-19,13,第三步：在句子的前面用副词提示句与句之间的逻辑关系，进一步实现衔接。,例如，考察第,2,句与第,3,句之间的关系，可以在第,3,句开头加上,Luckily,Fortunately,Besides,或者,What s more,从而使内容更加紧密，流畅。例如，我们可以思考一下，“考察第,3,句和第,4,句之间的关系，可以在第,3,句开头加上什么词语使意义更加醒目呢？”,2007-4-19,14,最后，文章定稿为：,In order to improve the students ability to listen to and speak English,an English conversation class will be held from January 27 to February 5 during the winter holidays in Room 221 of the Teaching Building.,2.The American teachers,the Blacks will come and have a talk with the class twice a week.,3.Therefore,it is a good chance to practice listening and speaking.,4.Luckily,everyone is welcome to the class.,5.Those who would like to attend it,please go to the Teachers Office and sign your names there.,2007-4-19,15,2.,表格类解题指导,例题,2,：请根据以下的情景说明，使用,5,个规范的英语句子描述全部所给的信息内容。,情景说明,请根据下列表格中的内容，用英语写一篇日记。,2007-4-19,16,时间：,2005,年,12,月,26,日,事件：,星期天下午几个小孩在滑冰，一小男孩掉进水中，听到呼救声,李明跳进塘中救出男孩，进行急救，恢复知觉，电话通知家长。,天气：,晴,地点：,公园内水塘中,人物：,小男孩,李明等,2007-4-19,17,第一步：句子的组织,用汉语把所用的内容切分为,5,个意义关联，但又相对独立的部分,(,意群,),，实现连贯。例如，,本文,可以这样处理：,1.,今天下午李明去公园，看见许多男孩子在滑冰。,2.,突然他听到有一小男孩掉进水中喊救命。,3.,李明马上跳进冰冷的池塘中，救出男孩，拖向安全地。,4,李明对男孩进行急救，使他恢复知觉。,5,男孩家长接到电话通知赶来，向李明致谢。,2007-4-19,18,第二步：把5个意群写在5道横线上，注意语法、用词的准确。复杂的意群用从句、分词等连接，从而实现语法形式上的衔接。例如第一句，可以处理为：,This afternoon Li Ming went to the park.He saw several boys skating in the pond.,我们用从句进行句子合并，即,：,This afternoon Li Ming went to the park,where he saw several boys skating in the pond.,2007-4-19,19,文章初步定型为,：,1.This afternoon Li Ming went to the park,where he saw several boys skating in the pond.,2.He heard a boy crying for help,who had fallen into the water.,3.Li Ming jumped into the icy water and managed to pull the boy to safety.,4.The boy was given first aid and soon came to himself.,5.The boys parents,who had come after the phone call,were now very thankful to Li Ming,who was trembling there with cold.,2007-4-19,20,第三步：在句子的前面用副词提示句与句之间的逻辑关系，进一步实现衔接,。,例如，考察第,1,句与第,2,句之间的关系，可以在开头加上,suddenly,从而使内容更加紧密，流畅。最后，文章定稿为：,2007-4-19,21,December 26,Sunday,Fine,1.This afternoon Li Ming went to the park,where he saw several boys skating in the pond.,2.Suddenly he heard a boy crying for help,who had fallen into the water.,3.Li Ming jumped into the icy water immediately and managed to pull the boy to safety.,4.Then the boy was given first aid and soon came to himself.,5.The boys parents,who had come after the phone call,were now very thankful to Li Ming,who was trembling there with cold.,2007-4-19,22,