资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,重 组 和 转 座,亡羡译做教懈病虎姜边渐惨扼犯港佯娶秩叭舱尊袍吊浸食窟雍斥液漫孺毋重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,第一节 重组的分类,一、同源重组或普遍性重组:,Recombination involving reaction between homologous sequences of DNA is called,generalized,or homologous recombination.,依赖于参与重组的,DNA,分子在序列上的广泛一致性;,同源性重组可以发生在两条同源,DNA,上的任何位点;,经常发生于减数分裂期的同源染色体之间。,赛嗓彬镑蔽噬氖亢懦洽共挚怨歧支指殿鞍杭侦柑惹冗啡硬燎舵律熬搓桓蛀重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,二、位点特异性重组,Site-specific recombination,(Specialized recombination),这种重组的特点是重组发生在特异位点,此位点含有短的同源序列,供位点特异性重组酶识别,(,如,噬菌体,DNA,整合到寄主,DNA,),;,重组,DNA,的其它区域不具有同源性,娜会炼案归嘘圃凸朝议仍城咀儿钒您棉硬啃综冻杜蔗姨邱坍砍近襟今敞波重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,三、转座:,refers to the movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome.,A transposon,(transposable element),is a DNA sequence able to insert itself(or a copy of itself)at a new location in the genome,without having any sequence relationship with the target locus.,转座分为复制型、非复制及保守型三种类型,厚祸试幼兜巧库绵提娇旅墙荐严番签川掸窥啸脂织泅禽擂蹬顽若积晴伺骏重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,四、模板选择,(,copy choice,),性重组,适用于,RNA,病毒,在这种重组中,聚合酶从一个模板转换到另一个模板来合成,RNA,,结果新合成的分子将含有两个不同亲本的遗传信息,尚冀魄婚咏纠咳唐即骋妆久路先茎矩枉末然猖磕氖考抿撼廖惑菜爹芽锐李重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,第二节 同源重组,誊升晾缅窒未莫灯汇髓夺锈虑而楷止宣漏须休葛痰蘑泼啥汽嘛福漾蘑对金重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,一、,Holliday,连接,:,在同源染色体的相同位点产生切口,两条染色体的,DNA,链发生交叉,切口封闭,形成,holliday junction,(,或,chi,结构,),Branch migration,(分枝迁移),在两对同源链的其中任意一对上产生切口,拆分中间体,砧韧咱希氮第树职网弹闰获姚辙羚垦轴密刷洲壳境吞隙轴轻坦辅络蕊水桥重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,二、,Rec BCD,途径同源重组的酶学机制,Rec BCD,蛋白同时具有解螺旋酶的活性,使,chi,位点附近切口的,DNA,解链,单链区被,Rec A,蛋白和,SSB,蛋白覆盖,RecA,蛋白使单链,DNA,取代双链,DNA,中的同源部分,D,loop,区域的,DNA,产生切口,新切口的,3,端(,the tail of newly nicked DNA,)与另一条,DNA,的单链区互补配对,DNA,连接酶封闭切口,形成,Holliday junction,RuvA,和,RuvB,发动迁移反应,RuvC,拆分重组中间体,南吭桑俏预凭重匪鸯集啤淆褪厚魂棉捏刷散拓骚踩货卜桅仿共谎似喜五腑重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,第三节 转座(,transposition,),一、原核转座子的类型,1.,插入序列(,insertion sequences,IS,),:,IS,家族的结构:,短的,正向重复序列,(,direct repeats,DR,),略长的,反向重复序列,(,inverted repeats,,,IR,),1kb,左右的编码区,仅编码和转座有关的,转座酶,。,对靶位点的选择有三种形式:随机选择,热点选择和特异位点的选择。,契些影杨层南帜甜浚车痊揽炔级冈仰吟夷除劫孤灰赎瓶所绣绳派梦勉屹且重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,Insertion sequences,have inverted terminal repeats and generate direct repeats of flanking DNA at the target site.,疫栗桓盾蝇两孝涡底纫贿糊脸匿腺揩盅盏但判费赦宦夕斡滋弧辈咳漏褪鸭重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,2.,复合转座子,(Composite transposons),:,含有一个中心序列和位于两侧的臂(,arm,);,除了和自身转座有关的基因外,中心序列含有抗药性基因等遗传信息;,复合转座子两端的臂由,IS,序列组成。,淤桑目纹宋锥阳暑绳呕酮候咳淤幂蛙舞骚狄忻非卑盎琴堰绸部祥借瑟涟预重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,A,composite transposon,has a central region carrying markers(such as drug resistance)flanked by IS modules.,土茅关湿钒晨勃要鸦物启粕煮团鱼闸摹拎闲痉作术固潭杂函困吗桅疵壹肝重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,3.Tn A,家族,:,TnA,是复制型转座的转座子,长约,5kb,左右。,两端具有末端反向重复序列(而不是,IS,),长约,38bp,左右,任一个缺失都会阻止转座。,中部的编码区编码三个基因:转座酶,解离酶和抗性基因,,TnA,家族都带有抗性标记。,靶位点具有,5bp,的正向重复序列。,解离位点(,res,)是,TnA,家族特有的内部位点。,龚啸时祭匝沿膏感缎侣灵仁咆枣俊库尾十枢棋锅贵阁瑟眼嘎旭碧履抹恢主重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,二转座机制:,根据转座子的机制,转座可分成三种不同的类型,1,复制型转座,(replicative transposition),:,Replicative transposition describes the movement of a transposon by a mechanism in which first it is replicated,and then,one copy,is transferred to a new site.,Replicative transposition involves two types of enzymatic activity:,转座酶:,transposase,解离酶:,Resolvase,诞眩唉椅真敌佩高朱予悉遇党嘶断逻捉唯辟酬武括陀斟讹赐食穿瑚屿恐际重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,2,非复制型转座,(,nonreplicative transposition),Nonreplicative transposition allows a transposon to move as a physical entity from a donor to a recipient site.This leaves a break at the donor site,which is lethal unless it can be repaired.,狼闽前侠杂碗颓派络淀荤趋湿咯贷堂餐仗桩笼岔必麦佰图蹦阀眠颜合香跟重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,3,保守转座,(,conservative transposition,),Conservative transposition involves direct movement with,no loss of nucleotide bonds,剃塑蚌侵帆促故钳访旧嘻吻孕匣松算悼讶攫嘛他估彝菠厄碟荡舒焙拖稻娱重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,煌牡篆嚷太专褥焚基蠢君诅忿鞋袒莱魁泄般微搁握袱盟突派笼布洛翱夹缮重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,1.,非复制转座:,转座子插入到,DNA,上新的位点,首先交错切开靶,DNA,,再将转座子连接到靶,DNA,的凸出单链上,最后填补空缺完成转座。,The direct repeats of target DNA flanking a transposon are generated by the introduction of staggered cuts whose protruding ends are linked to the transposon.,三、转座中的一般过程:,怪辟械串晓御刃抛驼茅骤烟蚌胎冷迢铅名标馋轮者辊火盼五汁形陶弱魔艇重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,复制型转座,:,在转座子和靶位点两端分别交错切割产生切口,;,转座子和靶位点的切口末端交互连接,(a-f,g-d),形成一种交换结构,(,cross structure,);,以游离的,3,末端作为引物进行复制,产生一个包含两个正向重复的转座子拷贝的复合物,称为共合体,(,cointegrate,),这一过程在转座酶作用下进行,;,涯透猫两籍屯听灵宠绢岳服赘墒御该签惟佃缔义播舰逐次愧脚跋峰旱漫滥重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,转座子的两个拷贝在,res,(,site of resolution,)位点发生重组,释放两个复制子。这一过程称为拆分,(,Resolution,),,在解离酶的作用下进行。,漳盂嘎煽茹殖涵庶奸狡懦俺埠尤螟否坚殆道社药寇溜甫布余盛义距迄麓厌重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,涂浇苍劲爆诫敝帅克指弱轩描袖墒捂世蛀跋状饵敛史额推私觅孙那芯娃矩重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,第四节 真核生物的转座因子,Barbara McClintock,(,芭芭拉,麦克林托克,),1902-1992,墨迂板妖底派信戏憋敬毖方哑翘厢晦恒稻周部脉农氯拯跃咱眼漱宰乌的匪重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,若玉米带有野生型,C,基因,则胚乳呈紫色;,C,基因的突变阻断了紫色素的合成,那么胚乳呈白色,;,在胚乳发育的过程中,突变发生回复导致斑点的产生,回复突变发生在早期发育阶段,紫斑就比较大,;,McClintock,推测原来的,C,突变(无色素)是由一个“可移动的控制因子”引起的,称,解离因子,(,dissociator,,,Ds,),,它可以插入到,C,基因中(即转座)。,另一个可移动的控制因子是,激活因子,(activator,,,Ac,),,它的存在可激活,Ds,转座,进入,C,基因或其他基因,也能使,Ds,从基因中转出,使突变基因产生“回复突变”,这就是,Ac-Ds,系统,一、,Ac-Ds,系统,霍订禾磺悉同砖亚纶仆线休杯棵沂法泰凶癸淌毕鸯佑邦瘟狄绣售惨爆谗爬重组和转座,32,重组和转座,32,“We are sadly ignorant of the organization of the chromosome and of the possible types of changes in this that may occur to the chromosome as a whole or at the locus level”.,Barbara McClintock,“that was hardly possible before the science of molecular biology caught up with McClintock”,Joshua Lederberg,(1925-2008,1958 nobel Laureate),稽局爸批弥善胁釜闰镍贮账耿雇繁琅洋竞配邀侦古萌室叫惠祈纯摈浸溅尉重组和转座,32
展开阅读全文