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level,*,*,考试安排,考试：,第,8,周，周四,(4,月,23,日,)11-13,节，教,1-201,考试安排考试：,哲学核心问题（形而上学）,苏德超,2013,2014,第六讲上帝与人生的意义,（,自学,）,哲学核心问题（形而上学）苏德超第六讲上帝与人生的意义（,本讲内容,上帝！上帝？,上帝存在的本体论证明,上帝存在的宇宙论证明,上帝存在的目的论证明,上帝存在的其它证明:情感、道德、aspect?,意义与人生的意义,人生的意义的威胁,人生真的有意义吗?,本讲内容上帝！上帝？,上帝！上帝？,上帝是一个,Supreme Being.,Supreme Being,is all-good,omnipotent,omniscient.,其他属性：,eternal,creator(ex nihilo),holy.,上帝！上帝？上帝是一个Supreme Being.,本体论证明,前提一：上帝完美无比。,前提二：完美无比者必定既在想象中存在，也在现实中存在。,结论：上帝存在。,安瑟伦,（,Anselmus,；,10331109,）,本体论证明前提一：上帝完美无比。安瑟伦,高尼罗的反驳？,前提一：迷失岛完美无比。,前提二：完美无比者必定既在想象中存在，也在现实中存在。,结论：迷失岛存在。,（为愚人辩）,高尼罗的反驳？前提一：迷失岛完美无比。,哥德尔证明：定义,Definition 1:x is God-like if and only if x has as essential properties those and only those properties which are positive,Definition 2:A is an essence of x if and only if for every property B,x has B necessarily if and only if A entails B,Definition 3:x necessarily exists if and only if every essence of x is necessarily exemplified,哥德尔证明：定义Definition 1:x is God,哥德尔证明：公理,Axiom 1:If a property is positive,then its negation is not positive.,Axiom 2:Any property entailed byi.e.,strictly implied bya positive property is positive,Axiom 3:The property of being God-like is positive,Axiom 4:If a property is positive,then it is necessarily positive,Axiom 5:Necessary existence is positive,Axiom 6:For any property P,if P is positive,then being necessarily P is positive.,哥德尔证明：公理,哥德尔证明：定理,Theorem 1:If a property is positive,then it is consistent,i.e.,possibly exemplified.,Corollary 1:The property of being God-like is consistent.,Theorem 2:If something is God-like,then the property of being God-like is an essence of that thing.,Theorem 3:Necessarily,the property of being God-like is exemplified.,（来源：斯坦福哲学百科）,哥德尔证明：定理Theorem 1:If a proper,托马斯,阿奎纳的宇宙论证明（,1,）,第一路：从事物的运动或变化方面论证。（寻找第一推动者）,第二路：从动力因方面论证（寻找第一原因）,第三种：从可能和必然性来论证（最精巧！）,第四路：从真实性等级来论证,第五路：从世界的秩序或目的来论证,Thomas Aquinas,约,1225,年,1274,年,3,月,7,日,托马斯阿奎纳的宇宙论证明（1）第一路：从事物的运动或变化方,托马斯,阿奎纳第一路证明,托马斯阿奎纳第一路证明,托马斯,阿奎纳第二路证明,托马斯阿奎纳第二路证明,托马斯,阿奎纳第三路证明,前提一：偶然的事物有一个产生与消失的过程。,前提二：如果所有
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