资源描述
Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Slide,*,John W.Santrock,Birth,Children,4,Birth,What Happens During the Birth Process?,What Are Some Measures of Neonatal Health and Responsiveness?,How Do Low Birth Weight And Preterm Infants Develop?,What Happens During the Postpartum Period?,Birth,Images of Children:A Fantastic Voyage,Cindy and Tom recount the hours and changes that took place before their son,Tanner Roberts,was born and during his birth process.,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Stages of the Birth Process,First stage,Lasts about 12 to 24 hours;longest stage,Contractions are about 15,20 minutes apart;occur closer together as birth nears,Contractions dilate cervix to opening about 4 inches,Allows baby to move from uterus to birth canal,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Stages of the Birth Process,Second stage,Approximately 45 minutes to an hour,Baby moves through cervix and birth canal,Mother pushes down,contractions come almost every minute,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Stages of the Birth Process,Third stage,(Afterbirth),Placenta,umbilical cord,and other membranes detached and expelled,Fastest stage;lasts only minutes,What Happens During the Birth Process?,The Stages of Birth,b,d,a,c,Placenta,Placenta,Vagina,Cervix,Uterus,Fig.4.1,Childbirth Setting And Attendants,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Childbirth setting and attendants,99%of U.S.births occur in hospital,91%of U.S.births attended by physician,Who helps during birth process varies across cultures,Some exclude fathers from process,Some attended by family members or open to community,Childbirth Setting And Attendants,Midwives:,norm in most of world,8%of U.S.births attended by midwives,U.S.certified nurse midwives,spend more time with patients in prenatal visits,Place emphasis on counseling and education,Provide more emotional support to mother,Are present during entire birth process,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Doulas,Provide continuous physical,emotional,and educational support before,during,and after childbirth,Most in U.S.work independently,typically function as part of birthing team,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Childbirth Setting And Attendants,Methods of Childbirth,Methods of delivery:medications,Analgesia:,used to relieve,pain,Anesthesia:,used in late first-stage labor and during expulsion to block sensation,Epidural block:numbs from waist down,Oxytocin:,synthetic hormones used to stimulate contractions,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Methods of Childbirth,Natural childbirth:,attempts to reduce mothers pain by decreasing fear,Prepared childbirth(Lamaze method):,similar to natural childbirth;special breathing technique used in final stages of labor,Many techniques have been developed,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Methods of Childbirth,Other methods to reduce pain and stress during labor and childbirth,Waterbirth,Massage,Acupuncture,Hypnosis,Music therapy,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Methods of Childbirth,Cesarean Delivery,Baby removed from uterus through incision in abdomen when,Baby is in,breech,or crosswise position,Head too large for mothers pelvis,Vaginal bleeding has occurred in pregnancy,29.1%of U.S.births are C-sections,What Happens During the Birth Process?,The Fetus/Newborn Transition,Decreased oxygen supply during contractions is termed,anoxia,insufficient oxygen to fetus/newborn,Stress hormone secretion protects from oxygen deficiency,prepares infant for birth.,Vernix caseosa(skin grease)protects against heat loss.,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Fathers or partners are more likely to,Meet with obstetrician or caregiver,Attend childbirth preparation classes;train as birthing coach,Be involved in infants care after birth,Some partners do better than others,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Family Involvement,Siblings may be present at birth,Involvement may enhance attachment to baby;child should not be forced to attend,Fears of parents,Separation anxiety of siblings from mother,Childrens daily care shifts to father/partner,Less time and attention for siblings,What Happens During the Birth Process?,Family Involvement,Apgar Scale,Widely used to assess health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth,Performed by nurse/obstetrician,Total score of 7 to 10 is good,Score below 3 signals emergency,Identifies high-risk infants,What Are Some Measures of Neonatal Health and Responsiveness?,Apgar Scale,Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale(NBAS),Performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth,Neurological development,Reflexes,Reactions to people,Infant is active participant,Score based on best performance,“worrisome,“normal,and“superior classifications,What Are Some Measures of Neonatal Health and Responsiveness?,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale,Offspring of NBAS;provides more comprehensive analysis of newb
展开阅读全文