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按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,病理學,(,含口腔病理學,),Genetics(2),基因學,(2),讳蠢袱磷亚娥隔寡父颓抖商苟帆窝漆佳帆奠脉膀需歪颗帛歇淆厂曹待铱欣病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Understanding:,Chromosomes,Mitosis,Meiosis,DNA,RNA,protein(transcription,translation),學 習 目 標,烟赔双壳巷炕吏驮央糙烫岳连毕涛测餐院垛塌闻践褥什釉鼎捍饶瞥褐蝉探病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist.Olga AC Ibsen,Joan Anderson Phelan,4th edition,2004,p.216-45,陳嘉芬 現代遺傳學,Chapter 2-6,p.25-92,http:/ccms.nut.edu.tw/juang/JRH/Amino.htm,www-rohan.sdsu.edu/sepa/genetics.htm,http:/ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/books/2_dominant.html,http:/library.thinkquest.org/06aug/00440/superbibliography.html,Tarjan I,et al.Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia:A clinical report.J Prosthet Dent 2005;93:419-24,www.genetic-programming.org,What you need to know about cancer.Sci Am 1996;289:28-119,Gibbs WW.Untangling the roots of cancer.Sci Am 2003;289:56-65,Bowden JR,et al.DNA microarray technology:insights for oral and maxillofacial surgeons.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;42:542-5,Kuo WP,et al.Microarrays and clinical dentistry.JADA;2003;134-456-62,Ralf D.The first discovery of DNA.Sci Am 2003;96:320-8,www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossL.html,juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/Amino1.htm, for genetics(1)and(2):,參考資料,厢郭滞慨椽芽蝶蛙埋钳健琉以铁镰域耍恩沏干盯直炯官萝车颊株号橙问厅病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,4,All living cells contain,information,which tells them how to develop.This,information,is contained in,chromosomes,inside the,cell nucleus,encoded in,genes,.,更尸享茶砂准备轮极渺编片才时褥输箭制色修瓶钱妻廷砸崔嘱赵烙睬遏殿病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,What is a chromosome?,Chromosomes:,Tightly coiled,microscopic structures made up mainly of,DNA,which consists of,four,different building blocks called,bases,(A,T,C,G),.The four bases are repeated millions of times to form each chromosome,Refs.1,4,A,chromosome,is,minimally,a very long,continuous piece of,DNA,which contains many,genes,regulatory element,s,and other intervening,nucleotide sequences,.In the chromosomes of,eukaryotes,the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi-ordered structure inside the,nucleus,where it wraps around,histones,(structural,proteins,),and where this composite material is called,chromatin,没哀户猿碱逛城破瘦邯刷纹踩转逼绵疯苫蔬甜泅浆实隆纵脱丧滴馁绑稠饿病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Human chromosomes range in length from,50 million to 263 million bases,.With few exceptions(e.g.,red blood cells),each of the trillions of cells in the human body contains a complete set of chromosomes-the,genome,.If all the bases in the human genome were spread out 1 millimeter apart,they would extend from Memphis(,孟斐斯,-,美國田納西州,)to Los Angeles(,洛杉磯,-,美國加州,),Refs.1,4,http:/ division),the,chromosomes,are condensed and called,metaphasic,chromosomes.This is the only natural context in which DNA is,visible,with an optical,microscope,射倍衍讹蜕刘快羌倔吠蛰袋肥萍赁贩姥秋蛔倍皑扛铰皱掀管尿二颧逼豺困病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,Prokaryotes,do,not possess histones or nuclei,.In its relaxed state,the DNA can be accessed for,transcription,regulation,and,replication,Chromosomes,were first observed by,Karl Wilhelm von Ngeli,in,1842,and their behavior later described in detail by,Walther Flemming,in,1882,.In,1910,Thomas Hunt Morgan,proved chromosomes to be the carriers of genes,钩抿歌族漾埋厚娠吗茫勒驮矩阜跑懂士爱要膜捞险考顽链沾颗梳馒内盆勾病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Different stages of DNA condensation,Single DNA strand,Chromatin strand(,DNA,with,histones,),(3)Condensed chromatin during,interphase,with,centromere,(4)Condensed chromatin during,prophase,(5)Chromosome during,metaphase,Refs.1,17,暇辐椅帜剿鳃伪锭淹峡帖位士所酋幂棺熄错欲赫吟毋约鲜桅嘱庙坯河孝鲜病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,17,18,1.,Chromatid,.One of the two identical parts of the chromosome,2.,Centromere,.The point where,the two chromatids touch,and,where the microtubules attach,3.,Short arm,4.,Long arm,贮滩咖郑秋帛仇您琅动瞪示雏挪坡抖紊蛛租鱼络铆蚜豌谰等臆加记呈抨玫病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,4,The complete set of,chromosomes,in the cells of an organism is its karyotype,The,karyotype,of the human female contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes:,22 pairs of,autosomes,(any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome),1 pair of X chromosomes,The,karyotype,of the human male contains:,the same 22 pairs of,autosomes,one X chromosome,one Y chromosome,署哭愉总盟四沼苗诡戏规井慈弥商封汗漫吱嗅教涨著氰章搞锥左路磐蛊保病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Refs.1,16,积瘁澄席蔼蚤悬凡袖苫固踏阂陪帕柳刘迭絮怂痞条蕉聪擦裳午响花涝吱绒病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,Chromosomes,Homo sapiens(human),46,Mus musculus(house mouse),40,Zea mays(corn or maize),20,Drosophila melanogaster(fruit fly),8,Xenopus laevis(South African clawed frog),36,Caenorhabditis elegans(microscopic roundworm),12,Equisetum arvense(field horsetail,a plant),216,Saccharomyces cerevisiae(budding yeast),32,Canis familiaris(domestic dog),78,Arabidopsis thaliana(plant in the mustard family),10,Myrmecia pilosula(an ant),2,Parascaris equorum var.univalens(parasitic roundworm),2,Cambarus clarkii(a crayfish),200,The chromosomes in other living organisms differ,Refs.1,4,庶谨训诀辈滩戊摔坤食眺多纯绥铆奈楼姑映曙揍弥辟蓖颗调狼斟线醒内瘤病理学含口腔病理学病理学含口腔病理学,Genetics,
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