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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,心脏强化,MR,识别室性心律失常瘢痕指导消融治疗,Usefulness of contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in identifying the ventricular rrhythmia substrate and the approach needed for ablation,研究背景,联合心外膜和心内膜标测可提高某些病人室性心律失常(,VA,)消融的效果。在大多数病人中,选择何种标测及消融方式尚难确定。心内膜消融失败后大都会考虑心外膜消融,然而术中抗凝会增加心外膜消融的并发症。规划手术方案并避免并发症需要更多的信息。,虽然心电图(,ECG,)有助于确定,VA,的起源部位,但其标准还欠完善且因,VA,的起源部位不同其敏感性及特异性也不尽相同,此外如无快速,VA,发作时,12,导联体表心电图则无法进行分析,瘢痕组织可以形成折返引起,VA,,强化心肌磁共振(,ce-MRI,)可识别缺血和非缺血性心肌病瘢痕组织中存活心肌,我们假设瘢痕组织跨心室壁厚度的分布模式有助于区分心外膜和心内膜,VA,本文目的旨在评估单独强化,MRI,或联合心电图预测,VA,心外膜或心内膜起源的价值,研究方法,研究对象,研究对象,:,拟行消融且,12,导联体表,ECG,记录到并行,ce-MRI,12,导联体表,ECG,未能记录到但,ICD/Holter,记录到,VA,程序刺激诱发出临床,VA,周期相匹配的,VA,符合以下条件的,VA,建议消融治疗:,持续性室速;,反复发作的持续性单形性室速;,药物未能控制的频发且有症状的结构性心脏病,(SHD),室早,(PVCs),排除条件:,恐惧,ce-MRI,或,ce-MRI,禁忌,无结构性心脏病的特发性,VA,致心律失常右室发育不良,所有参与者签订知情同意书并获当地伦理委员会支持,研究方法,ce-MRI,分析,瘢痕组织的分布:,左室:,17,节段模式,右室间隔:流出道,(RVOT),,流入道,(RVIT),,顶端,(RVapex),右室间隔和,17,节段模式相对等如下:,RVOT-Segment2;,RVapex,Segments8,9,and14,;,RVIT,Segment3,。,右室游离壁因为室壁太薄不能形成增强图像未纳入分析中。,对于每个阶段的,MRI,的增强模式分布定义如下:,Endocardial ce-CMR,模式:增强小于平均心内膜跨壁厚度的,50%,Transmuralce-CMRpattern:,增强大于平均心内膜跨壁厚度的,50%,Epicardialce-CMRpattern:,增强小于平均心外膜厚度的,50%,Mid-myocardialce-CMRpattern:,增强小于心肌的,50%,Absence:,在相应的节段中没有增强。,Figure 1 Pattern distribution of hyper-enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance images,(A)Endocardial hyper-enhancement.In this case,Segments13,14,and 16(red arrow)presented endocardial hyper-enhancement.(B)Transmural hyper-enhancement.The contrast-enhanced cardiacmagnetic resonance of this patientshowed a transmural hyper-enhancement in Segment 4(red arrow)and Segment 5.Segment 3 wasalso affected byendocardial hyper-enhancement.(C)Mid-myocardial hyper-enhancement.In this case,mid-myocardial hyper-enhancement affects Segments 2(redarrow)and 3.Segment 4 is partially affected.(D)Epicardial hyper-enhancement.Red arrows showepicardial hyper-enhancement in Segments 10 and11.In these images,it is also possible to observe mid-myocardial hyper-enhancement in Segments 7 and 8.Page 2 of 11 D.Andreu et al.Downloaded from http:/eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/at ESC Member on January 12,2014,研究方法,心电生理检查,假设未能诱导出,VA,,可静脉注射异丙肾上腺素。对于左室心内膜标测可使用,3.5mm,射频消融导管通过穿房间隔或逆行主动脉途径进行。,心外膜途径进行标测和消融:,(,1,)当心内膜标测不能明确室速性质,,(,2,)病人有非缺血性心肌病,,(,3,)心电图提示心外膜起源,,(,4,),ce-MRI,显示心外膜瘢痕,研究方法,射频消融,心内膜消融条件:温控消融导管,能量,50w,,温度,45,,,心外膜消融条件:能量,40w-50w,,温度,45,。,标测和消融的流速;,0-17ml/min,。,射频消融术后每,6,个月随访一次,随访内容包括:临床评估,Holter,超声心动图,PVCs,复发的定义为,在多次,Holter,检测,PVCs,负荷的,5%,VT,复发定义为需,ICD,介入治疗或任何方式所记录到的,VT,研究方法,心肌增强,对成功消融位点心肌增强的病人进一步分析,对于左室游离壁疤痕,测量增强部位的中心或边缘到心内膜或心外膜的距离。,对于室间隔疤痕,测量其左室或右室表面到增强部位的中心或边缘的距离。,这些测量指的是消融靶点部位的顶端到疤痕之间的健康组织之间的厚度。,在以疤痕组织分布形式预测心外膜起源的总的敏感性及其特异性分析中除外了这些病人。,统计学分析,计数资料用均数,标准差表示;,计量资料用例数及百分比表示;,对以下内容行敏感性及特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分析:,(,1,)心外膜增强的节段的分布,(,2,)心外膜增强的节段数,(,3,)成功消融的增强节段类型组间对比采用,x,2,检验或,Wilcoxon,检验。,P0.05,为有统计学意义。,所有数据采用,PASW,数据,18.0,软件包。,结果,研究对象,本次研究共包含,80,例患者。,66,例为持续性,VT,,,14,位例为与结构性心脏病有关的,PVCs,,,51,例为缺血性心肌病。平均左室射血分数为,41.912.8%,。病人特征见表,1,。,结果,心电图及电生理研究,46,例患者,VA,呈右束支阻滞图形,,34,例患者,VA,呈左束支阻滞图形,3,例患者消融失败且起源部位不明确,77,例成功消融的患者中,66,例为心内膜消融,,15,例为心外膜消融,消融后,63,例患者未诱发出,VA,,,14,例患者诱发出其他非临床型,VA,平均,22,(,12-37,)月随访:,77,例成功消融患者中,55,例未再发心律失常,,17,例复发,,3,例失访。,PVCs,消融成功患者中未再发生心律失常。,61,例,VT,消融成功,未复发者,45,例,49,例缺血性心肌病并且成功消融的病人中,室间隔疤痕,3,例,上壁疤痕,9,例,下壁疤痕,37,例;,46,例,VT,行心内膜消融。心外膜消融仅,3,例。非缺血性心肌病心外膜消融更常见。(表,2,)。,结果,ECG,确定,VA,起源,37,例患者,ECG,提示的起源和消融结果相匹配,3,例患者由于有室间隔梗死未运用,Miller,运算法,余,9,例患者与射频消融的节段不一致:,3,例患者和疤痕相关的,PVCs,起源于乳头肌,5,例患者消融节段和,ECG,提示的节段不一致,1,例患者,VA,起源于远离梗死区的心肌疤痕,(可能由高血压性心肌病所致,),Figure 3 Example of the identification of the origin of ventricular arrhythmias using electrocardiogram(ECG)information.Ischaemic patient with anterior infarction.(A)ECGof the ventricular tachycardia.The origin of this ventricular tachycardia is located in the inferoapical septum(Segment 14 in the 17-segment model),according to the Miller algorithm(anterior infarction,left bundle branch block,left superior axis,and late progression of R-wave precordial pattern).(B)Baseline contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance short-axis image of the same patient.The white arrowidentifies an endocardial hyper-enhancement in the inferoapical septum.(C)Activation map during the ventricular tachycardia(right anterior oblique view).It is possible to identify the ventricular tachycardia exit site from the scar in the inferoapical septum.Ablation at this point terminated the,ventricular tachycardia.Usefulness of ce-CMR in identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate Page 5 of 11Downloaded from http:/eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/at ESC Member on January 12,2014,结果,强化,MRI,和,ECG,数据综合分析,49,例缺血性心肌病运用,ECG,正确识别,VA,起源部位,37,例,其中,34,例采用心内膜消融,:,6,例显示心内膜下增强,26,例透壁增强,2,例无增强节段,余,3,例心外膜消融中:,2,例显示透壁增强,1,例显示心肌增强,。,结果,成功消融节段的强化,MRI,分析,心内膜消融的病人中心内膜下增强,19,例,透壁增强,34,例,心肌增强,6,例,无增强,3,例。,心外膜消融的病人中心外膜下增强,11,例,透壁增强,2,例,心肌增强,2,例,2,例,心内膜下增强,0,例,除外心肌增强患者,其心外膜增强指导心外膜,VA,起源消融部位的敏感性为,84.6%,,特异性为,100%,,其阳性预测值为,100%,,阴性预测值为,96.6%,。,结果,消融失败或仍能被诱发的,VA,3,例患者消融失败。,1,例为,VT,消融,其起源部位显示心内膜下增强;另,2,例为,PV
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