语言学概论-brain-and-language课件

,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,.,*,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,.,*,Brain and Language,.,Brain and Language.,1,The,Human,Brain,Introduction,The complexities of human cognitive,abilities and language acquisition,Brain is the,source,of human language and cognition.,.,The Human BrainIntroduction.,2,The,most,complex organ of the body,Cortex(gray matter),decision-making,memories,grammar,White matter,Contralateral function,.,The most complex organ of the,3,The Localization of Language,Which parts of the brain are responsible for linguistic abilities?,Franz Joseph Gall,Localization,Organology(phrenology),Brain is not a uniform mass,.,.,The Localization of LanguageWh,4,Aphasia,Relationship between brain and language,Language disorder caused by disease or trauma,Broca,s area v.s.,Wernicke,s area,Lateralization,.,AphasiaRelationship between br,5,Most aphasics do not show total language loss.,The language disorder is generally related,to the location of the brain damage,.,Brocas aphasia,injuries to the,left,frontal lobe,Wernickes aphasia,injuries to,the left,temporal lobe,Brocas area,Wernickes area,.,Most aphasics do not show tota,6,I.Brocas aphasia,(agrammatic aphasia),Syndromes,:,A.,Labored speech,B.,Word-finding difficulties,C.,Problems in forming sentences with the rules of syntax,.,I.Brocas aphasia (ag,7,D.,Language produced is often agrammatic,Q:What is“agrammatic”?,A:It frequently,lacks articles,prepositions,pronouns,auxiliary verbs,.,lacks,function words,The omission of function words in the speech of agrammatic aphasics shows that,function words are mentally distinct from content words.,.,D.Language produced is often,8,E,.May typically omit inflections,the past tense suffix ed,e.g.I watch,TV for three hours this morning.,the third person singular verb ending s,e.g.She like playing the piano.,ed,s,.,E.May typically omit inf,9,F.,Have difficulty understanding complex sentences in which they cannot rely on their real-world knowledge.,more difficulty for aphasia people,:,e.g.Which girl did the boy kiss?,less difficulty for aphasia people,:,e.g.Which book did the boy read?,.,.,10,II.Wernickes aphasia,Wernickes aphasics can produce fluent speech and adhere to the rules of syntax.,Syndromes,:,A.,Their language is often semantically incoherent,.,fork a need for a schedule,when asking about poor vision,My wires dont hire right.,.,II.Wernickes aphasiaWernicke,11,B.,Have difficulty naming objects presented to them,C.,Have difficulty choosing words in spontaneous speech,often produce,jargon,and,nonsense words,.,.,12,Jargon aphasia,Severe Wernickes aphasia is often referred to as,jargon aphasia,.,Syndrome,:,substitute new word for original word,.,Jargon aphasiaSevere Wernicke,13,Word substitutions that aphasic patients produce also tell us about,how words are organized in the mental lexicon,.,sounds,meaning,pool tool table chair,sable table boy girl,crucial crucible,.,.,Word substitutions that aphasi,14,III.Acquired dyslexics,Dyslexia,:a condition that makes it difficult for someone to read and spell.,Acquired dyslexics,:people who become dyslexic after brain damage.,The similar phenomenon of,word substitutions,may also happen to acquired dyslexics.,(examples on page 9),.,III.Acquired dyslexicsDyslexi,15,The similar syndrome of,the omission of function words in the speech,also happens to acquired dyslexics.(examples on page 10),These errors show that,the mental lexicon has content words and function words in different compartments,.,.,The similar syndrome of the om,16,IV.Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,The tip-of the-tongue phenomenon is,the failure to retrieve a word from memory,combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.,word-finding difficulties in speaking,TOT,.,IV.Tip-of-the-tongue phenomen,17,Word finding difficulties is the fate of many aphasics.,Anomia,:the inability to find words you wish to speak,.,Word finding difficulties is t,18,V.Deaf Aphasic patients,Deaf patients with lesions,in Brocas area,Syndromes,:dysfluent and agrammatic sign production,Deaf patients with lesions,in Wernickes area,Syndromes,:have fluent but often semantically incoherent sign language,.,V.Deaf Aphasic patients Deaf,19,Conclusion,Deaf signers with damage to the left hemisphere show aphasia for sign language similar to the language breakdown in hearing aphasics.,.,ConclusionDeaf signers with d,20,Brain Imaging Technology,Noninvasive brain recording technologies,1.Computer tomography(CT),2.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),Reveal lesions in the living brain shortly after the damage occurs.,.,Brain Imaging TechnologyNoninv,21,3.,Positron emission,tomography(PET),4.Functional MRI(FmrI),5.Single photon emission,CT(SPECT),Provide images of the brain in action.,.,3.Positron emission.,22,.,Other scanning techniques,measure metabolic activity in,particular,areas of the brain,1.Magnetic encephalography (MEG),This technique shows us how the,healthy brain reacts to particular,linguistic stimuli.,.,.Other sca