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*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,腹外疝,华北电网有限公司北京电力医院普外科,张 翀,Conspectus,Definition,:,体内某脏器,/,组织离开正常,解剖部位,通过先天,/,后天,薄弱点、,缺损,/,孔隙进入另一部位,hernia,abdominal external hernia,abdominal internal hernia,Conspectus,腹内脏器经腹壁先天,/,后天缺损、薄弱区向体表突出,脏器,/,组织进入腹腔内,间隙囊内,P,athogeny,1.,腹壁强度,先天存在的薄弱点,腹白线发育不全,切口感染、愈合不佳,胶原代谢异常,2.,腹内压力,cough,、,constipation,、,ascites,Pathology,疝囊:,壁层腹膜外凸,颈 疝环(疝命名依据),体,内容物:,疝外被盖:,Clinical types,易复性(,reducible,)疝,难复性(,irreducible,)疝,巨大疝,滑动疝,嵌顿性(,incarcerated,)疝,较窄性(,strangulated,)疝,特殊性疝,Clinical types,特殊性疝,Richter,疝,(肠管壁疝),Littre,疝,(,Meckel,憩室疝),Maydl,疝,(逆行性嵌顿疝),Inguinal hernia,inguinal canal,:,特点:,内环:,生理缺损(精索,/,子宫圆韧带),四壁:,外环:,自然裂隙,层次:,皮肤腹外斜肌腹内斜肌,/,腹横肌腹横筋膜腹膜外脂肪,Inguinal hernia,Anatomical levels,:,皮肤、浅筋膜,腹外斜肌腱膜(外环),腹内斜肌、腹横肌(腹股沟镰),腹横筋膜,(内环),髂耻束,腹膜外脂肪,壁层腹膜,Inguinal hernia,Anatomical levels,:,腹横筋膜,:,和包绕腹横肌等的筋膜融合,腹横肌腱膜弓,在腹股沟,lig,深面的增厚部分,髂耻束,髂耻束,:,一完整腱性束(髂前上棘 内环下方 腹股沟,lig,后方 股鞘前壁),可承受较大的缝线张力,Inguinal hernia,Types,:,Indirect inguinal hernia,:,Congenital,Posteriority,Direct inguinal hernia,:,直疝三角(,Hesselbachs,triangle,),马鞍疝:,I+D,I,nguinal hernia,特点:,Indirect inguinal hernia,最常见,腹外疝,75-90%,,腹股沟疝,85-95%,:,15,:,1,R,L,I,nguinal hernia,临床表现和诊断:,Indirect inguinal hernia,:,腹股沟区突出肿块,Reducible,可复性,Irreducible,不能完全还纳,+,胀痛,/,便秘,Incarcerated,不能还纳,+,疼痛,Strangulated,DD,(,differential diagnosis,),I,nguinal hernia,Indirect inguinal hernia,:,DD,*,:,睾丸鞘膜积液:透光试验(,+,),交通性鞘膜积液:,”,精索鞘膜积液:,”,隐睾:,急性肠梗阻:,I,nguinal hernia,Direct inguinal hernia,:,Hesselbachs,triangle,半球形肿物,+,易复,绝不进入阴囊,,,极少嵌顿,膀胱进入形成滑动疝,两者,DD,DD,*,斜 疝,直 疝,Age,多,见于儿童及青壮年,多见于老年,Way,经腹股沟管突出,,可进阴囊,由,直疝,三角突出,,不进阴囊,Shape,椭圆或梨形,,上部呈蒂柄状,半球形,基底较宽,回纳后按压深环,疝,块,不再突出,仍,可,突出,精索疝囊,疝,囊,后方,疝,囊,前,外方,疝囊和腹壁下动脉,疝,囊颈,在,外侧,内侧,嵌顿几率,较 高,极 低,I,nguinal hernia,Types,(疝环大小、腹横筋膜、腹股沟管后壁):,:,疝环口,1.5cm,筋膜有张力 后壁完整,:,3.0cm,筋膜张力 后壁不完整,:,3.0cm,筋膜薄弱后壁缺损,:复发疝,I,nguinal hernia,Types,(,Nyhus,1993,):,:,Indirect inguinal hernia,疝囊 腹股沟管中点,:,”,内环口扩大,后壁完整,疝囊 腹股沟管中点,,未进阴囊,:,腹股沟管后壁缺损,A.,直疝,B.,斜疝,C.,股疝,:,复发疝,A.,直疝,B.,斜疝,C.,股疝,I,nguinal hernia,Therapy,:,为什么治疗疝?,疝在那儿!,治疗原则:,勿以疝小而不为,I,nguinal hernia,Therapy,:,Nonsurgical way,:,1y,年老体弱不能手术,Surgery,:,传统法,无张力(,Tension-free,hernioplasty,),经腹腔镜(,LIHR,),Surgery,传统方法:,疝囊高位结扎:,必须步骤,婴幼儿、污染重时单独实施,缩小内环,修补腹股沟管管壁:,关键步骤,Fergusion,法(,1899,),:,前壁,精索前,联合腱,+,腹股沟韧带,适用于后壁健全,/,早期直疝,Surgery,修补腹股沟管管壁:,关键步骤,Bassini,(,Edoardo,Bassini,),法(,1887,),*,:,后壁,精索后,联合腱,+,腹股沟韧带,(,3%vs10%,),!,Halsted,法(,1889,):,后壁,精索后,腹外斜肌腱膜,/,联合腱,+,腹股沟韧带,McVay,法(,1942,):,后壁,精索后,联合腱,+,耻骨梳韧带,Shouldice,法(,1954,),*,:,腹横筋膜,+,Bassini,法,(,1.5%,),!,重建外环,Surgery,Tension-free,hernioplasty,(,TFH,),:,传统法的缺点:,张力高 慢性疼痛,非同种组织缝合 复发率高,(,%,),TFH,优点:,低张力恢复快,人工高分子材料 复发率低(,%,),Surgery,Tension-free,hernioplasty,(,TFH,),:,Lichtenstein,手术:,mesh,后壁,Rutkow,手术:,plug,+mesh,修补内环,+,后壁,Giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac/,Stoppa,内修补法,局麻斜疝手术切口,Surgery,LIHR,:,TAPA,(经腹膜前法),TEA,(完全经腹膜外法),IPOM,(经腹腔内法),单纯疝环缝合法,可以发现对侧亚临床疝,Surgery,嵌顿性、较窄性疝的处理:,嵌顿性疝的处理:,试行手法复位:,3-4h,压痛轻,腹膜刺激征(),年老伴严重疾病,急诊手术:,术前准备,判断肠管活性,有无,Maydl,疝?,单纯高位结扎,Surgery,复发性疝的处理:,腹股沟,疝修补术后发生的疝,真性复发疝:,假性复发疝:,遗留疝(伴发疝):疝性质不同,新发疝:解剖部位不同,Femoral hernia,Definition,:,疝囊经股环、股管向卵圆窝突出的疝,特点:,占腹外疝,3-5%,40y,嵌顿率高,60%,妊娠,Femoral hernia,股管解剖特点:,上宽下窄的漏斗状间隙;,上口(股环);下口(卵圆窝),Femoral hernia,临床:,特点:,腹股沟韧带下方卵圆窝处半球,形肿物,咳嗽冲击感不明显,疝囊不大,嵌顿:,局部疼痛,+,急性肠梗阻,Femoral hernia,DD,:,Indirect inguinal hernia,:,/,腹股沟,lig,下外方,脂肪瘤:,/,基底固定,肿大淋巴结,大隐静脉曲张结节样膨大:,/,无下肢静脉曲张,髂腰部结核性脓肿:,/,无波动感,Femoral hernia,Therapy,:,及时,/,急诊手术,McVay,法,腹股沟,lig,+,腔隙,lig,+,耻骨肌筋膜,Incisional,hernia,Definition,:,发生于腹壁切口处的疝,特点:,占腹外疝第三位,切口感染时发生率,愈合不良时多见,纵行切口多见,经腹直肌切口正中切口旁正中切口,下腹部上腹部,Incisional,hernia,临床:,切口处逐渐膨隆,有肿块出现,可缩小或消失,大者伴局部牵拉感,食欲减退等,多无完整疝囊,可伴肠梗阻,PE,可见肠型,扪及疝环边缘,Therapy,:,手术,Umbilical hernia,Definition,:,疝囊经脐环突出的疝,Types,:,小儿:,成人:,Umbilical hernia,小儿脐疝:,Pathogeny,:,脐环闭锁不全,+,腹压,特点:,reducible,,极少嵌顿,Therapy,:,2y,保守,2y ,1.5cm,可手术,5y,手术,Umbilical hernia,成人脐疝:,特点:,posteriority,,中年,多见,嵌顿、较窄多见,Therapy,:手术,原则:,Hernia of lines alba,Definition,:,发生于腹壁正中线处的疝,也叫上腹疝,临床:,早期无症状,上腹部不适,消化不良,Therapy,:,手术,谢谢!,
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