英语：独立主格结构

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,独立主格结构,The Absolute Structure,概念,独立主格结构（,the absolute structure,）是由,名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，,用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。,这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由,逗号,将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。,特点,1,）独立主格结构的,逻辑主语,与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。,2,）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。,3,）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,形式,名词,/,主格代词,+,现在分词,名词,/,主格代词,+,过去分词,名词,/,主格代词,+,不定式,名词,/,主格代词,+,形容词,名词,/,主格代词,+,副词,名词,/,主格代词,+,介词短语,There being+,名词（代词）,It being+,名词（代词）,名词,/,主格代词,+,现在分词,名词,/,主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系,The girl,staring at him,(=As the girl stared at him),he didnt know what to say.,姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。,Time,permitting,(=If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.,如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。,名词,/,主格代词,+,过去分词,名词,/,主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。,The problems,solved,(=As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.,随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。,Her glasses,broken,(=Because her glasses were broken),she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.,由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。,名词,/,主格代词,+,不定式,名词,/,主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。,He is going to make a model plane,some old parts,to help,.,They said good-bye to each other,one,to go home,the other,to go to the bookstore,.,他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。,名词,/,主格代词,+,形容词,An air accident happened to the plane,nobody,alive.,那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。,So many people,absent,the meeting had to be called off.,这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。,名词,/,主格代词,+,副词,The meeting,over,they all went home.,会议一结束，他们就都回家了,名词,/,主格代词,+,介词短语,The boy goes to the classroom,book,in hand.,那男孩手里拿着书去教室。,Mary was sitting near the fire,her back,towards the door.,玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。,There being+,名词（代词）,There being,nothing else,to do,we went home.,没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。,There being,no further business,I declare the meeting closed.,没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。,It being+,名词（代词）,It being Christmas,the government offices were closed.,由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。,It being a holiday,all the shops were shut.,由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。,功能与用法,功能：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个,状语从句,，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。,用法：独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。,*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。,用作时间状语,The work,done,(=After the work had been done),we went home.,工作完成后，我们就回家了。,Her work,done,she sat down for a cup of tea.,她干完了活，坐下来,用作条件状语,Weather,permitting,(=If weather permits),they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.,如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。,The condition,being favorable,he may succeed.,若条件有利，他或许能成功。,用作原因状语,An important lecture,to be given tomorrow,(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow),the professor has to stay up late into the night.,因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。,There being,no taxis,we had to walk.,没有出租车，我们只好步行。,用作伴随状语,He was lying on the grass,his hands,crossed under his head,(=and his hands were crossed under his head).,他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。,Almost all metals are good conductors,silver,being the best of all.,几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。,(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.),表示补充说明,We redoubled our efforts,each man,working like two.,我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。,例题,Not far from the school there was a garden,_ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.,A.its B.whose C.which D.that,He wrote a lot of novels,many of _ translated into foreign languages.,A.it B.them C.which D.that,Choose the best from the four choices,1,Ford tried dividing the labor,，,each worker,a separate task,A,assigning B,assigned,C,was assigned D,would be assigned 2,The lecture,，,he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker,A,began B,beginning C,having begun D,being beginning,3,Such,the case,，,there are no grounds to justify your complaints,A,being B,is C,was D,to be,4,Darkness,in,，,the young people lingered on merrymaking,A,set B,setting,C,has set D,was set 5,With all factors,，,we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal,A,being considered B,considering C,considered D,are considered,6,A new technique,，,the yields,(,产量）,as a whole increased by 20 percent,A,to have been worked out B,having worked out,C,working out D,having been worked out,8,Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office,，,but our work,，,we declined the offer,A,not being finished B,not having finished,C,had not been finished D,was not finished 9,There are various kinds of metals,，,each,its own properties,A,has B,had C,to have D,having,10,The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,，,each,one major point in contrast with the other,A,makes B,made C,is to make D,making,