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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Text A Ancient Education in China,Text B Innovation of Education in Ming&Qing Dynasties,Supplementary Reading,Chinas Employment Situation,整体上掌握Text A和Text B 两篇文章的内容，包括背景资料，单词，相关专有名词等。,完成Text A 和Text B 的课后题目。,浏览Text C。,2024/11/11,导读：春秋时孔子兴办私学，“有教无类。突破了官府对文化教育的垄断，扩大了教育对象的范围。西汉武帝时推行儒学教育，在长安兴办太学，还令天下郡国设立学校，初步建立起地方教育系统。隋唐科举制度的完备推动了教育事业的开展，自此，从中央到地方，已建立起了一整套学校体制。宋代学校制度更为完备，在中央有太学、国子学等，宋代私人讲学的书院兴起。书院注重依照封建伦理观念培养学生的道德品行，在学习方法上也鼓励讨论、辩难和让学生自讲心得，风气比较活泼。明朝强化了前代的科举制度。为了严厉控制士人的思想，实行八股取士，这表达出君主专制的强烈色彩。明代中期以来，书院比较兴盛，明朝后期东林书院以其评识朝政的活动而著名。清朝前期的科举和学校，根本承袭明代的制度，在教育方面进一步加强思想控制和文化专制。,2024/11/11,In the Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC),private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way.,Confucius,the great educator,devoted all his life to the private school system and instructed most students.,It is said that over three thousand disciples followed him,among whom there were 72 sages who went on to broaden the acceptance of the philosophy set out by their master-Confucianism:a philosophy embracing benevolence in living,diligence in learning,and so on.,Besides that,other schools such as Taoism,also taught widely and this led afterwards to a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period.During the succeeding years,private schools continued to exist although there were times when state education became fashionable.,During the reign of Emperor Wudi,the government introduced a system which was named taixue.Usually the students were provided with a free diet and mainly studied the classical Confucian books.Following examinations,those with good marks would directly be given official titles.,The Nine Grades of Rank in the Regime System(or Jiupin zhongzheng system),employed the following method:in each state and county there was official acting as Zhongzheng with authority to decide how people were ranked in the local precincts according to ability.,The system of the Imperial Examination,or Keju in Chinese,became the method by which talented people were recognized and selected for future positions in civil service.,The imperial examinations comprised two parts namely an arts exam and the wushu exam.The arts examination includes composition,study of books,laws,calligraphy,paintings and so on.,In the Song Dynasty subjects raised by government had been much less than that in the Tang Dynasty,but the examination for jin shi was still fashionable.Meanwhile,regardless of form and content,the system underwent great innovation.,Firstly,the extension of matriculation was broadened.,Secondly,the frequency of exams was limited to a fixed once every three years.,Thirdly,the great reformer Wang Anshi(1021-1086)advocated an innovation which was much more practical.,Finally,examinees names were closely covered on their papers which were then exchanged among different local examiners.,In the Song Dynasty,few governmental schools were erected,but it was the vogue for scholars to set up numerous private educational organizations-shu yuan.The four most reputed shu yuan were named Bailudong Institute of Jiangxi,Songyang Institute and Yingtianfu Institute of Henan,and Yulu Institute of Hunan.,Central government managed to found schools called guozijian,and strengthened their function to be the only road by which people could take the exams.There were in total three stages leading to realizing the dream of becoming an official:provincial examination(xiangshi),metropolitan examination(huishi)by the Board of Rites,and Palace examination(dianshi)by the emperor himself.,The provincial and metropolitan examiners tested only eight-legged essays and people easily realized that the quality of that sort of essay was the key to achieving a pass.,As the tight hold on affairs held by the Qing Dynasty became more and more unpopular,the education system also needed fresh ideas and input as it was a disservice to the country.A trend appeared towards the way in which the positions of court officials could be purchased and this sometimes even gave rise to unlawful pass to the degraded system.,It is interesting to note that one of characters depicted in the novel Fan Jin Zhong Ju is quite a typical victim of the declining system.,1.Taoism(道教):refers to a philosophical or religious tradition in which the basic concept is to establish harmony with the Tao(道),which is the mechanism of everything that exists.Taoism had not only a profound influence on the culture of China,but also on neighboring countries.While the philosophical Taoism is not institutionalized,the religious Taoism is institutionalized and present in multiple countries.Taoist philosophy is deeply rooted in contemporary China,and is an unavoidable part of modern Chinese life.,2024/11/11,2.Northern and Southern Dynasties南北朝：The Southern and Northern Dynasties was a p
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