精品：非谓语动词 (2)

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,非谓语动词及其分类,1.,谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做,谓语动词,；在句,子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动,词，叫做,非谓语动词,。,We,should serve,the people heart and soul.,I,am reading,a novel.,She found English hard,to learn,.,Seeing,is,believing,.,The results,obtained,are quite satisfactory.,Please stop,speaking,.,（,谓语,）,（,谓语,）,（,状语,）,（,主语,和,表语,）,（,定语,）,（,宾语,）,2.,非谓语动词的分类,不定式,(infinitive),分词（,participle,）,动名词（,gerund,）,3.,非谓语动词的特点,1),不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词,组成谓语。,You,ought to have been,here yesterday.,2),具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us,to serve the people,.,3),连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。,The students ran out of the classroom,laughing merrily.,To be frank,your plan is not practicable.,The Infinitive,不定式的构成,(to)do,not(to)do,不定式的特点,具有名词、形容词、副词的句法功能。,有主动、被动语态、一般、进行或完成式,一般形式 进行式 完成形式,主动语态,to do to be doing to have done,被动语态,to be done to have been done,不定式的用法：,(1),作主语,不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，,用,it,作,形式主语,。,To see is to believe,It is right to give up smoking.,It made me very happy to hear her talk about it.,【,注意一,】,不定式的逻辑主语：,不定式不能单独做谓语，因此没有语法上的主语，,但可以有意义上的逻辑主语。,I promised Tom to play with him.,I asked him to play with me.,（,to play,的逻辑主语是,I,）,（,to play,的逻辑主语是,him,）,【,注意二,】,同一句型中不同介词的不同含义,It is+,adj,+,for,sb,to do,sth,It is+,adj,+,of,sb,to do,sth,（,for,引出动作发出者）,（,of,引出,adj,修饰的对象）,It is easy for,me,to,finish,this work before ten.,It is a great honor for,us,to,be present at,your,birthday party.,It is very,kind,of,you,to give me some help.,Its,impolite,of,you,to speak to the teacher like that.,注意：,常用在,of,句型中的,adj,有：,kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,foolish,cruel,careless,stupid,naughty(,淘气的,),polite,impolite,silly,wrong,brave,honest,noble,，,right,rude,等,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,(2),作宾语,注意：,不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用,it,作,形式宾语,。,I want to know this matter.,I havent decided whether to go or stay.,I find/feel it interesting to work with him,Subject+find/think/feel/make,it,+,adj/n,+,to do,sth,.,My teacher made it a rule only to speak English in class.,能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：,like,demand,want,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,agree,seem,hope,intend,prefer,promise,forget,decide,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,wish,start,afford,hate,等,(3),作宾语补足语,He asked me to do the work with him,注意,1,：在,feel,，,hear,，,listen to,，,look at,，,notice,，,observe,，,see,，,watch,，,have,，,1et,，,make,等词后的补足语中，不定式不带,to,。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带,to,。,能用于此用法的动词有：,ask,get,expect,wish,want,help,permit,beg,encourage,order,prefer,advise,like,call on,depend on,ask for,wait for,等,I often hear him,sing the song,He is often heard,to sing the song,注意,2,：不定式动词在介词,but,，,except,，,besides,后面时，如果这些介词之前有,行为动词,do,的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式,不带,to,，否则要,带,to,。,She could do nothing but,cry,What do you like to do besides,swim,?,I have no choice but,to go,(4),作定语。,I have some books for you to read.,注,：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room to live,in,There is nothing to worry,about,Please give me a knife to cut,with,注,：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同,。,比较：,Have you anything to send?,B)Have you anything to be sent?,(5),作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here,to see you,We were very excited,to hear the news,He hurried to the school,to find nobody there,.,To look at him,，,you would like him,(,目的,),(,原因,),(,结果,),(,条件,),你有什么东西要寄吗,?(,不定式,to send,的动作执行者是,you),你有什么要,(,我或别人,),寄的东西吗,?(,不定式,to be sent,的动作执行者是已被省略的,me,或,someone else),目的状语还可以用,in order to,或,so as to,来表示。,In order to pass the exam,，,he worked very hard,We ran all the way so as not to be late,不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。,I am very glad,to hear it.,The question is difficult,to answer,“,too+,adj,/adv+to do”,也作状语。,He is too old to do that,另外句子中有,enough,这个词时，常用不定式作状语。,The room is big enough,to hold us,(6),作表语,My job is,to help the patient,(7),作独立成分,To tell the truth,，,I dont agree with you,(8),不定式与疑问词,who,，,which,，,when,，,where,how,，,what,等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。,He didnt know,what to say.,My question is,when to start,How to solve the problem,is very important,(,宾语,),(,表语,),（主语）,注意：在与,why,连用时，只用于,why,或,why not,开,头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带,to,。,Why not have a rest?,2,不定式的时态,(1),不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作,(,状态,),同时,(,或几乎同时,),发生，或是在它,之后发生。,I saw him,go out,Our teachers always encourage all of,us,to work hard,.,(2),如果谓语表示的动作,(,情况,),发生时，不定式表,示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,Tom and Martin pretended,to be doing,their homework,when the teacher came into the classroom.,When I got home,my son happened,to be watching,TV.,(3),如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用,完成式。,She is said,to have read,thirty novels this year.,Im sorry,to have kept,you waiting so long,3,不定式的语态,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作,的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的,被动形式有两种：一般式和完成式。在句子中可以,做主语、宾语、构成复合谓语、构成复合宾语、定,语和状语。,It is an honor for me,to be invited,to your party.,After graduation,he asked,to be sent,to work in the,countryside.,This novel is said,to have been translated,into,French.,He was the first student,to have been punished,by,The teacher.,1),不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。,