细菌感染的检查与防治课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2018/5/17,#,Nursing School of Sias International University,Laboratory Diagnosis,a,nd Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检测方法与,防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,Contents,2,细菌感染的检查方法,1,细菌感染的,防治原则,2,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌学检查,血清学检查,01,细菌感染的检查方法,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌标本的采集与运送,无菌：,采集标本时应注意无菌操作,部位：,应根据不同病变采集不同标本,时间：,采集标本应在使用抗生素之前,运送：,标本采集后应及时送检,处理：,特殊标本要特殊处理（如脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌）,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌学检查的基本程序,细菌标本,细菌形态与结构检查,细菌分离与鉴定,病原菌抗原检测,其他（动物实验及药敏实验）,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌形态与结构的检查,形态与结构,检查：,取标本,涂片、染色镜检。,根据镜下典型的形态、排列、染色性作出初步诊断。,显微镜放大法：,光镜、电镜,(,TEM,SEM,),染色法：,菌细胞可与带正电荷的碱性染色剂结合。最常用的是革兰染色法。另有单染色法、抗酸染色法、特殊染色法（荚膜、鞭毛、芽胞等）。,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌革兰染色,结晶紫,碘液,酒精,复红,水洗,水洗,水洗,细菌,初染,媒染,脱色,复染,G,+,G,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,葡萄球菌,G(+),E.coli,G(-),细菌革兰染色,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌的特殊染色,荚膜染色,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,芽孢染色,鞭毛染色,细菌的特殊染色,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌的分离与鉴定,培养特征 形态特性,生化反应,血清学鉴定,动物试验,药物敏感试验,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌的分离与鉴定,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌的分离与鉴定,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌的药物敏感试验,细菌的分离与鉴定,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,血清学检查,血清学诊断：,用已知抗原检测病人血清或其他体液中未知抗体及其量的变化。可作为辅助诊断。,血清学诊断或血清学反应常用的方法：,直接凝集反应、补体结合试验、乳胶凝集试验及,ELISA,。,要注意患者血清效价的动态变化,抗体效价低时不要轻易否定,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,现代细菌学检查技术,酶免疫测定,免疫荧光测定,放射免疫测定,聚合酶链反应（,PCR,）,DNA,芯片技术,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的检查方法,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,02,细菌感染的,防治原则,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌学感染的特异性预防,细菌感染的治疗,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌感染的预防,一般性预防：,控制传染源、切断传播途径、提高免疫力,特异性预防：,应用获得性免疫的原理，给机体注射或服用病原微生物抗原（包括类毒素）或特异性抗体以达到预防和治疗感染性疾病的目的。,人工主动免疫,人工被动免疫,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,细菌感染的特异性预防,人工主动免疫是指是通过人工接种抗原（疫苗）的方法，使机体自动产生特异性免疫，从而预防感染的措施。,人 工 主 动 免 疫,（,artificial active immunization,）,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,灭活疫苗,霍乱疫苗,百日咳疫苗,狂犬疫苗,乙脑疫苗,减毒活疫苗,BCG,牛痘苗,脊髓灰质炎疫苗,麻疹疫苗,类毒素,白喉类毒素,破伤风类毒素,人工主动免疫常用的生物制品,细菌感染的特异性预防,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,死疫苗,活疫苗,特 性,死,活 减毒或弱毒,保 存,易（,4 1,年）,不易 （需冷藏）,接种剂量,大,小,接种次数,多次,一次,副 反 应,大,小,应答类型,体液免疫,体液免疫和细胞免疫,免疫效果,差,好 持久,死疫苗与活疫苗的区别,细菌感染的特异性预防,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,人 工 被 动 免 疫,（,artificial passive immunization,）,人工被动免疫是指通过人工方法给机体注射含特异性抗体的免疫血清或细胞因子等制剂，以治疗或紧急预防感染的,措施。,细菌感染的特异性预防,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,抗毒素（,antitoxin,）：,破伤风,抗毒素,、白喉抗毒素等,人免疫球蛋白制剂：,从血浆或胎盘血中分离制备,细胞因子制剂：,IFN-,、,IFN-,、,G-CSF,、,IL-2,、,GM-CSF,单克隆抗体制剂,人工被动免疫常用的生物制品,细菌感染的特异性预防,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International University,人工主动免疫,人工被动免疫,免 疫 物 质,抗原,抗体或细胞因子,免疫出现时间,慢,(2 4,周,),快 立即,免疫维持时间,长,(,数月,数年,),短,(2 3,周,),主 要 用 途,预防,紧急预防或治疗,人工主动免疫与人工被动免疫的区别,细菌感染的特异性预防,Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Bacterial Infections,细菌感染的防治原则,Medical microbiology,Nursing,School,of,Sias International U