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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Page,*,English Rhetoric,By Song Pingfeng,Chapter Nine,Syntactic Figures of Speech,(II),9.1 Climax,层进,9.2 Anticlimax,突降,9.3,Syllepsis,一笔双叙法,9.4 Zeugma,轭式修饰法,9.5 Chiasmus,交错配列法,9.6 Asyndeton,连接词省略,9.7,Polysyndeton,连词叠用,9.8 Rhetorical question,反问,Contents of This Chapter,2,9.1 Climax,Definition,Climax is the arrangement of words,phrases,clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance.,Ideas arranged in such a way develop gradually,like climbing a ladder,each idea outweighing the preceding one until reaching the summit.,3,(3)Basic requirement:,The progression of thought in climax must ascend at least three steps.,Climax is often combined with repetitive devices such as parallelism,anaphora,epihora,etc.,(2):Advantages:,effective in stirring up feelings and emotions,and helps to drive home a point.,4,For example,(1)It is a test of our courage-of our resolve-of our wisdom-of our essential democracy.(Franklin D.Roosevelt),(2)“,家，是爱的牵挂；家，是情的纽带；家，是心灵的归依和寄托。”,5,9.2 Anticlimax,Definition:,It is defined as“a sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial,sometimes for humorous effect”(Websters New World Dictionary).,“a sudden often funny change from something noble,serious,exciting,etc.,to something foolish,unimportant,or uninteresting,esp.in a speech or piece of formal writing”(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).,It is a figure of speech that involves stating ones thought in a descending order of significance or intensity,from the sublime to the ridiculous,from strong to weak,from weighty to light or frivolous.,6,For example:,“,家，是情之所系；,家，是爱的港湾；家，是人们平常吃饭睡觉的地方”。,We often joked about his passionate love for his daughter,his cat and his astray.,Where shall I find hope,happiness,friends,cigarettes?,7,(2)Climax,V.S.,Anticlimax:,Climax usually needs at least three“steps”up the ladder to achieve effect,but anticlimax sometimes needs only two steps of descends to gain emphasis.,(3),Anticlimax is often employed to humorous effects,ridicule or satire.,8,For example:,(1)The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.,“,战士的职责就是保卫祖国和削土豆皮,”,。,战士的职责从神圣的“保卫祖国”突然降至微不足道的“削土豆皮”，实属荒诞、可笑。正是因为作者运用了,Anticlimax,这一辞格，实现了喜剧性效果。,(2)We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of touristsand dust.,（,Mark Twain,）,上句的亮点在于句末的,and dust,。因为，在马克,吐温看来，他们一行人，游兴勃发，甚至将旅途上的滚滚尘土都视作,company,，遗憾的是，我们读到了如此“扫兴”的译文：,我们的旅伴很多，有载客的马车，有当作坐骑的骡子,一路上尘土飞扬。,唉，难道原文亮点就真的无法挽留了吗？非也。试读：,一路上，我们的旅伴很多，有乘坐旅游马车的，有骑骡子的,还有那滚滚尘土呢。,9,以下是,anticlimax,的一个精彩例证：,It is this:that being rich,we are so poor;that being mighty,we can yet have nothing;that seeing,breathing,smelling,tasting all around us the impossible wealth and glory of this earth,feeling with an intolerable certitude,（确信）,that the whole structure of the enchanted,（使迷惑的）,lifethe most fortunate,wealthy,good,and happy life that any man has ever known,猧,s oursis ours at once,immediately and forever,the moment that we choose to take a step,or stretch a hand,or say a wordwe yet know that we can really keep,hold,take,and possess forevernothing.,此段议论非常精彩，对年轻人的富有和贫困，一针见血地作了深刻剖析。内容值得玩味，其表达也同样值得玩味，最值得玩味处大概是其句末的,nothing,。译文也同样值得欣赏，设想，译者若是不用“乌有”二字，而使用了多于两个音节的表达，那将何味之有？,10,是这样的：我们富有，却又如此贫穷；我们强大，却又两手空空；我们目睹到、呼吸到、感受到、品味到不可企及的存在于我们身边的这个世界的财富和荣誉，一种无法抗拒的自信便油然而生，构成美妙人生的一切,人类所认识到的最幸运的、富有的、美好的、幸福的人生，同时归我们所有,立刻并直至永远。然而，当我们决定跨前一步，伸出一只手，或张口说一句话的时候，我们明白了：我们真正能够永远拥有、持有、掌握、或是支配的却是,乌有。,11,（,4,）“,Waggish non-Yale men never seem weary of calling for God,for Country and for Yale.the outstanding single anticlimax in the English language.”Time),“,爱开玩笑的非耶鲁人从不厌倦说为了上帝，为了国家，为了耶鲁，这是英语中一个典型的突降法例子。”（,时代,）,12,（,5,）,But thousands die,without or this or that,Die,and endow a college or a cat.(Alexander Pope),成千上万的人死去，少东少西，缺这缺那，,也有人死后或捐资兴办一所大学，或捐钱养活一只猫儿。,这是作家,Alexander Pope,在其作品,Epistle to Lord Bathurst,里的一句话。从“捐资兴办一所大学”这样造福社会和子孙后代的义举陡然降到“捐钱养活一只猫儿”这种荒诞、出人意外之事，使作者意欲表达的“讽刺嘲弄”的艺术效果跃然纸上,13,（,6,）,The following was written on the gravestone of an army mule:“Here lies Maggie,the mule who in her time kicked a general,two colonels,four majors,ten captains,twenty-four lieutenants,forty sergeants,two hundred and twenty privates,and a bomb.”,14,军骡墓碑上是这样写的：“军骡马吉葬在这里。在她一生中，她踢过一个上将，两个上校，四个少校，十个上尉，二十四个中尉，四十个军士，二百二十个士兵和一个炸弹。”,乍看之下，上例在数字上由少到多，似乎是按着正常的逻辑发展下去，但实际上却是在军衔上由高到低进行倒叙，直到最后笔锋一转，带出了军械：一个炸弹，完全超乎常理。作者在此故意不明说军骡乱踢一通，终被炸死之意，却在突然一降之后戛然而止，顿生幽默风趣、出人意外的喜剧效果，给人以无穷的回味。,15,（,7,）,He lost his empire,his family and his fountain pen.,他失去了帝国，失去了家庭，失去了钢笔。,上例中，先由“大国”到“小家”，最后突然降至出人意外的细小之事,“,钢笔”。作者通过使用,Anticlimax,的这一格式，将“他”的悲惨厄运以幽默的笔调表现得淋漓尽致，给人留下回味的余地。,16,There was a silence.Alexander spoke first,with a kindly greeting.Looking at the poor broken cask,the single ragged garment,and the rough figure lying on the ground,he said:“Is there anything I can do for you,Diogenes?”,“Yes,”said Diogenes,“stand to one side.Youre blocking the sunlight.”,17,一阵寂静。亚历山大先开口了。他和蔼地向戴奥真尼斯表示问候。看看那寒酸的破木桶以及那件惟一的破烂不堪的外衣，望着躺在地上的粗糙的身躯，亚历山大说道：“我能为你做些什么吗，戴奥真尼斯？”,“可以，”戴奥真尼斯答道：“站到一边去，你挡住阳光了
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