实用英语翻译-被动语态翻译

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,被动语态的翻译,第三章 笔译的技巧（中篇）,英语和汉语都有被动语态，但两种文字对被动语态的运用却不尽相同。同一个意思，英语习惯用被动语态表达，汉语却往往要用主动语态。例如We are kept strong and well by clean air.,空气清洁能促使我们身体健壮,汉英对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉语，那就是：主语+be(.各式形态变化)+动词的过去分词式。,Peter was robbed to pay Paul.,如果说话者要指出施事者来，英语的表达方式也很简单，就是在谓语结构后面加一个由by引导的短语：,Peter was robbed by him to pay Paul.,他偷了彼得的钱去还保尔的债。（“拆东墙补西墙”）,说汉语的人自古以来有一种主体思维方式，认为“成事者必在人”，还有什么必要明说呢？这叫做“尽在不言中”。,如：,海水不可斗量（实际上是“被斗量”）,文章总算写好了。（实际上是“被写好”）,教学内容,1、英语中常用被动语态的情况,2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式,3、英语被动语态的翻译,When the crude oil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries to be treated.The commonest form of treatment is heating.When the oil is heated,the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol.Petrol has a low boiling point;if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced.What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.,When the crude oil,is obtained,from the field,it,is taken,to the refineries to,be treated,.The commonest form of treatment is heating.When the oil,is heated,the first vapors to rise,are cooled,and become the finest petrol.Petrol has a low boiling point;if a little,is poured,into the hand,it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the oil later,is condensed,into paraffin.Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades,are produced,.What remains is heavy oil that,is used,as fuel.,一、被动语态在英语中的运用,被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构,更少主观色彩,，结构更简单，还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。,1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。,例如：,Such books are written for children.,We havent been told about it.,The English evening has been put off till Saturday.,2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。例如：,You are requested to give a performance.,It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.,3、无从说出施动者是谁。例如：,Youre wanted on the phone.,The problem is being studied.,Rice is chiefly grown in the south.,4、为了便于上下衔接。例如：,He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,Jack fought John in the mens singles last night and was beaten.,5、为了突出谈话的中心。例如：,The song was composed by a French musician.,The program was designed by ourselves.,二、汉语被动意义的表达方式,用词汇的手段来表现被动意义,例如：,1,、“为”字结构,“,茅屋为秋风所破”,2,、“被”字式,不幸语态 “被捕”，“被剥削”，“被压迫”，“被杀”,3,、“让”、”给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”,庄稼,让,大水冲跑了。,The crops were washed away by the flood.,4、“是的”表示静态的句子 这些产品,是,我国制造的。,5、“的是”,推荐我的是一位教授。,6、“加以/予以”组成倒置的宾语结构,这个问题将在下一章,加以,讨论。,用词序手段来表现被动意义,1、受事者动词,困难,克服了，,工作,完成了，,问题,也解决了。,2、受事着施事者动词,我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住。,三、翻译方法,翻译成汉语的主动句,1,、“加以”,“,经过”,“,用,来”,2,、增补泛指性的词语,(,人们,大家等,),作主语,3,、主语译成宾语,4,、翻译成汉语的无主句,5,、翻译成带“是,的”的主动句,译成汉语的被动句,1,、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词,2,、译成“为,所”的结构,译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句,翻译成汉语的主动句,“加以”,“,经过”,“,用,来”，“可以用来”,Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers.Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.,有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。,Nuclearpowersdangertohealth,safety,and,evenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:,radiation.,核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词辐射来概括。,2.增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语,Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperiences,ofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydetermine,hischaracterandlaterpersonality.,人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了,他们,的性格及其未来的人品。,Itcouldbeargued,thattheradioperformsthis,serviceaswell,butontelevisioneverythingis,muchmoreliving,muchmorereal.,可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。,Itisassertedthat有人主张 Itisbelievedthat有人认为 Itisgenerallyconsideredthat大家(一般人)认为 Itiswellknownthat大家知道(众所周知)Itwillbesaid有人会说 Itwastoldthat有人曾经说,3.主语译成宾语,Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostof200BelgianandFrenchlives.,这个组织拯救了八百人,，,大战结束时,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的（但,二百多比利时人和法国人却为此付出了生命代价),。,4.翻译成汉语的无主句,Greateffortsshouldbemade,toinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit of smoking.,应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人,吸烟的危害,特别是吸上瘾后的可怕后果,Newsourceofenergymustbefound,andthiswill,taketime.,Itishopedthat希望 Itisreportedthat据报道 Itissaidthat据说 Itissupposedthat据推测 Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat,可以毫不夸张地说 Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认 Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出 Itwillbeseenfromthisthat由此可见,5.翻译成带“是的”的主动句,Thedecisiontoattackwasnottakenlightly.,进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。,In the old society，women were looked down upon.,在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。,译成汉语的被动结构。“被”,“,给”,“,遭”,“,挨”,“,为,所”,“,使”,“,由,”,“,受到”等表示。,Earlyfiresontheearthwerecertainlycausedbynature,notbyMan.,地球上早期的火肯定是,由,大自然而不是人类引燃,的,。,The window pane was broken by the child.,窗玻璃被这小孩打碎了,I was so impressed,by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.,我,为,这些话,所深深感动,，后来我就把它们写在,圣诞卡上了。,译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句,The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.,大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。,The plan is going to be examined first by the research group。,计划将先由研究小组加以研究。,小结：被动语态的翻译,翻译成汉语的主动句,1,、“加以”,“,经过”,“,用,来”,2,、增补泛指性的词语,(,人们,大家等,),作主语,3,、主语译成宾语,4,、翻译成汉语的无主句,5,、翻译成带“是,的”的主动句,译成汉语的被动句,1,、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词,2,、译成“为,所”的结构,译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句,练习,课堂练习,课后练习：教材第62页练习16题的13小题,When the crude oil,is obtained,from the field,it,is taken,to the refineries to,be treated,.,1,The commonest form of treatmen