语言文化与翻译

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,翻译理论与实践,第一章 总论,一、我国翻译史的起始问题,二、翻译与翻译学,三、翻译标准之争,四、“直译”与“意译”之争,五、译者应具备的素质和条件,一、我国翻译的起始问题,有两种说法：一说始于战国时期（前475前221年），最早的翻译文字作品是越人歌。还有一种说法，认为东汉（公元12世纪）的佛经翻译才是中国文字翻译的滥觞。,佛经翻译(,Sutra translation,)始于何时，也有两种说法：一说始自公元67年（汉明帝永平十年），即始自天竺僧摄摩腾译的四十二章经。,另一种说法认为，佛经翻译始于公元147年（汉桓帝建和元年）。,我国的翻译史分期：,1、东汉到宋代的佛经翻译；,2、明末清初的科技翻译；,3、鸦片战争到五四前夕西学翻译时期；,4、五四运动到1949年新中国成立译介国外新思想、新观点以及革命文学作品时期；,5、1949年至今。,二、翻译与翻译学,（Translation and,the science of translation,translatology）,何谓翻译？其定义不下数十种。古时翻译或翻译人员被称作“象寄”“象胥”或“通事”“通译”。礼记.王制上记载：“五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。”（狄鞮，古代翻译西方民族语言的官）,“翻译是把一种语言（原语）的信息用另一种语言（译语）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。”,Definition of Translation,Translation is the expression in one language(or target language)of what has been expressed in another(source language),preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.-Dubois,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style,.,-Eugene Nida,Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.-Peter Newmark,Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text.,Translation,which is a very complex phenomenon,is related to different disciplines,such as linguistics,psychology,sociology,cultural anthropology,communication theory,literary criticism,aesthetics,and semiotics.As translation study is a cross-disciplinary and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge,the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise.,“翻译是一门科学”。其论据是1、翻译是一项有规律可循的活动，并不完全靠天才或灵感；2、可以向描写语言一样，对翻译程序和方法进行客观的科学的描写，并使之公式化、模式化。,持相反意见的人认为，翻译不是科学而是艺术。因为：1、翻译过程中活的东西太多，不可能公式化；2、翻译家的再创造才能是天赋的，不是后天习得的。,翻译不是科学，然而把翻译当作研究对象的那门学问则应视为科学。因为它是一个由各种理论构成的“知识体系”，其任务是“揭示”翻译过程的“客观规律”，“探求”关于翻译问题的“客观真理”，给翻译工作提供行动指南。这就是“翻译学”（Translatology），即研究翻译的科学。,现代译学的起源众说不一，有的把1976年比利时洛文会议的召开看作是翻译学学科成立的标志，但更多的人认为是90年代的事。,三、翻译标准之争,(The argument about the criteria of translation),自有翻译以来，就有其标准之争。,1.完全赞同“信、达、雅”的学者,2.完全反对或否定的学者,3.部分肯定，部分质疑的，大有人在。,四、“直译”与“意译”之争,直译（,Literal Translation,）,1.Following the word order of the original,.按原文逐字逐句地翻译。,2.Trying to reproduce the syntactic clauses of the source languages,.努力再现原文的句式。,3.Trying to match all the syntactic constructions,actives,passives,relative clauses,conditions contrary to fact,etc.,努力与原文的句子结构、主动与被动语态、关系从句、虚拟语气等对称。,4.Trying to follow a strict concordance of lexical items,that is,always translating one word in the source language by one and the same corresponding word in the target language.,严格与原文的词汇条目一致，即总是把原文的某个词译为目标语中相应的另一个词。,5.Matching rhetorical features.,与原文的修辞特点相称。,(Literal translation is also called direct translation or close translation.Using this method,the image,figure of speech,word order,grammatical structure,etc.of the source language,are maintained,in the target language.As long as the original meaning is not impaired,it is essential to give priority to literal translation.,意译（Free Translation）,1.Employing complete freedom in restructuring the grammar but may be very reluctant to exercise a similar kind of freedom in translating complex lexical units.任意改动原文的语法又不愿意对复杂的词汇成分做类似的改动。,2.Incorporating explanations to deal with cultural differences.在处理文化差异时加进诸多解释。,3.Obliged to correct mistakes which may occur in the source text.感到有责任纠正原文的错误。,4.Feeling no qualms about deleting something they do not like or do not agree with.对自己不喜欢或不同意的地方任意删掉而脸不红心不跳。,(F,ree translation,gives up or changes the original image or vehicle,and/or breaks through the word order,or the structure of the language in the original text,and reorganizes the language so that,the essence or deep meaning of the source language is expressed,in the target language.Free translation is used when literal translation fails to achieve the purpose.,),要全面贯彻党的教育方针，坚持以人为本、德育为先，实施素质教育，提高教育现代化水平，培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人，办好人民满意的教育。,We must implement the Partys educational policy to the letter,focus on educating students with top priority given to cultivating their moral integrity,improve their overall quality,modernize the educational system,and train socialist builders and successors who have all-round attainments in moral,intellectual,physical and aesthetic education.All this is designed to run education to the satisfaction of the people.,翻译标准对不同的译者应有不同的要求：,第一层次的标准：忠实于通顺,第二层次的标准：“信、达、雅”,第三层次的标准：“传神”,第四层次的标准：“化境”,五、,译者应具备的素质和条件,1、良好的政治思想素质,2、高尚的职业道德,3、扎实是双,语语言功底。,4、较强的英汉语写作能力。,5、知识面要广。,6、了解一定的翻译理论，掌握一定的翻译技能。,7、良好的思辨能力。,8、熟练的IT技术。,口译员除上述素质以外，还应具备以下几点：,1、出众的记忆力和较强的笔记技能。,2、良好的听辨能力和敏捷的应变能力。,3、良好的心理素质和身体素质。,