英语句子成分及基本结构

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语句子成分,及基本结构,（一）句子成分的定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；,主要成分有,主语和谓语,；,次要成分有,表语,、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。,句子成分,意义,充当词类,例句,主语,表示句子说的是什么人或什么,事,名，代，数，不定,式，动名词，短语或,句子,We study in HuangQiao Middle,School.,谓语,说明主语做什么，是什么或怎,么样,动词或动词词组,She is dancing under the tree.,宾语,表示动作行为的对象,同主语,Both of us like English.,表语,与联系动词连用，一起构成谓,语，说明主语的性质或特征,同主语、形容词,Her father is a chemist.,His words sound reasonable.,定语,用来修饰名词或代词,形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子,We have eight lessons every day.,状语,修饰动词，形容词，副词，表,示动作发生的时间，地点，原,因，目的，方式，结果等,副词，介词短语或句子,He works very hard.,They held a party in Hollywood.,宾语,补足语,逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系,形容词，名词，介词,短语等,She always keeps the house,clean.,主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！,（二）,句子的具体成分,1),主语,(subject),它是句子所要说明的,人,或,事物,，是一句的,主体，,一般位于句首。,如,I study English(,我学习英语,),中的 。,I,主语（,subject,）句子说明的人或事物,Jane,is good at playing the piano.,She,went out in a hurry.,Four,plus four is eight.,To see,is to believe.,Smoking,is bad for health.,The young,should respect the old.,What he has said,is true.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词,（句子）,找出句中主语,The sun rises in the east.,Twenty years is a short time in history.,The poor are now living in the shelter.,Seeing is believing.,To see is to believe.,He likes dancing.,What he needs is a book.,It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（动名词）,（不定式）,（句子）,(,名词化的形容词）,（,It,形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,谓语,(,predicate),谓语说明主语所做的,动作,或具有的,特征和状态,。,如,I study English,中的 。,动词,或动词词组,在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。,study,谓语,说明主语的动作、状态和特征,简单谓语,:,由,动词,或,动词词组,组成,I,saw,the flag on the top of the hill?,He,looked after,two orphans.,复合谓语,由,情态动词或助动词,+,动词,;,He,can speak,English well.,She,doesnt seem,to like dancing,表语,(,predicative),3),表语,(predicative),它是放在,连系动词之后,表示,主语,的,身分,或,特征,的，如,I am a student(,我是一个学生,),中的 ；,Our classroom is clean(,我们的教室很干净,),中的 。,student,clean,系动词,1,）,状态系动词,（,be,动词）,例如：,He is a teacher.,（,is,与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）,2,）,持续系动词,keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：,He always kept silent at meeting.,他开会时总保持沉默。,3,）,表像系动词,seem,appear,look,例如：,He looks tired.,他看起来很累。,4,）,感官系动词,feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：,This kind of cloth feels very soft.,这种布手感很软。,注意：系动词不用于被动语态,.,5,）,变化系动词,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.,例如：,He became mad after that.,自那之后，他疯了。,6,）,终止系动词,prove,turn out,表达,“,证实,”,，,“,变成,”,之意,例如：,The rumor proved false.,这谣言证实有假。,宾语,(,object),宾语表示动作的,对象,或,承,受,者,，一般位于,及物动词和介词,后 面。,如,I study English,中的 。,They like listening to music.(,他们喜欢听音乐,),中的 。,English,music,Show your passport,please.,She didnt say anything.,How many do you want?-I want two.,They sent the injured to hospital.,They asked to see my passport.,I enjoy working with you.,Did you write down what he said?,（名词）,(,代词）,(,数词,),(,名词化的形容词,),(,三,),宾语,动作的对象或承受者,及物动词或介词的宾语,（不定式）,（动名词）,（句子）,定语,(,attributive),修饰,名词,或,代词,的词、短语或从句称为定语,。,如,He likes to drink cold milk(,他喜欢喝冷牛奶,),中的 。,cold,（五）定语,修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句,He is a,clever,boy.,His father works in a,steel,work.,There are,47,students in our class.,Do you known,bettys,sister?,He bought some,sleeping,pills.,His,spoken,language is good.,(,形容词,),(,名词,),(,数词,),(,名词的所有格,),(,动名词,),(,过去分词,),定语后置：,如果定语是由,一个单词,表示时，通常要,前置,。而由,一个词组或一个句子,表示时，通常则,后置,The girl,in red,is his sister.,We have a lot of work,to do,.,The girl,standing under the tree,is his daughter.,Do you know the man,who spoke just,now,?,（定语从句）,状语,(,adverbial),修饰,动词,，,形容词,，,副词,，表,示动作发生的,时间，地点，原,因，目的，方式，结果,等,充当词类：,副词，介词短语或句,子,（六）状语,状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。,I will be back,in a while,.,They are playing,on the playground,.,He was late,because he got up late,.,He got up so late,that he missed the train,.,I waited,to see you,.,He often went to school,by bus,.,His parents died,leaving him an orphan,.,Please call me,if it is necessary,.,This book is,very,interesting.,He went to school,in spite of his illness,.,宾语补足语,(,complement of object),补充说明,宾语,的,动作,或,状态,。,宾补可由,名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当,。,I found the book,interesting,.,Do you smell something,burning,?,He made himself,known to them,.,（六）宾语补足语有些,及物动词,除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：,make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.,She asked me,to lend her a hand,.,同位语,位于,名词,或,代词,后面，说明它们的性质和情况,We,young people,should respect the old.,He,himself,will do the experiment.,He is the oldest among them,four.,He told me the news,that our team won the,game.,名词,代词,数词,从句,名词,代词,数词,从句,I,met,my best,friend,Tom,at the station yesterday,.,主语,谓,语,定语,宾,语,同位语,状,语,简单句的五种基本句型,1.,主语,+,不及物动词：,(S V),她来了。,铃声响了。,2,主语,+,系动词,+,表语,(SVC),他是个学生。,He,is,a student,.,他的脸变红了。,His face,turned,red,.,苹果尝起来很甜。,The apple,tastes,sweet,.,士兵保持静止不动。,The soldier,keeps,still,.,3.,主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语,(SVO）,Mike 吃了三个苹果。,她画了一幅漂亮的画。,S,he,drew,a beautiful picture.,Mike,ate,three apples,.,常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词,（,分为,A,、,B,两类）,A,：动词后加,to,give,给,show,给,看,send,寄，打电报,bring,带,read,读,pass,递给,lend,借给,leave,留给,hand,交给,tell,告诉,return,把,还给,write,给,写信,throw,扔,4,、主语,+,及物动词,+,双宾语（间接宾语,+,直接宾语）,(SVIOO)(SVOiO),B,：动词后加,for,make,生产，制造,buy,买,do,做,get,得到,play,演奏,order,命令,sing,唱歌,pay,为,交钱,e.g.,我父亲给我买了一本书。,My father,bou