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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Introduction to Empirical Research Methodsin Language Studies,Liu Yi,Pre-writing,Please write down your plan for your research.,OUTLINE,Definition of research.,Categorization of research paradigms.,Structure of a research report.,Evaluation of a research project.,Your research project.,What Is Research,Research:“a systematic approach to searching for answers to questions(Hatch and Lazarton,1991:9).,what is meant by systematic?,what is meant by questions?,what is meant by answers?,研究,规范研究,实征研究,质的研究,量的研究,研究的分类,(,陈向明,),定性研究,行动研究,学术研究,Different categorization,Oppositional categorization.,Four-parameter categorization(Van Lier,1988),More specific/detailed categorization,Empirical Research,A specific and strict definition:“Research is a systematic process of inquiry consisting 3 elements:(1)a question,problem or hypothesis,(2)data,(3)analysis and interpretation of data.”(Nunan,1992:3),It is generally agreed,however,that“empirical research”is,data-driven,that is,the inquiry is based on systematic collection and analysis of data.,4 parameters in research design(Van Lier 1988),HIGHLY SELECTIVE,NON-SELECTIVE,INTERVENTION,NON-INTERVENTION,CONTROLLING,MEASURING,ASKING/DOING,WATCHING,Chaudron(1988),Psychometric tradition,Interaction analysis,Discourse analysis,Ethnography,Data collection,Grotjahn(1987),Two pure research paradigms:,1.exploratory-interpretive,2.analytical-nomological,Five mixed forms.,1.Experimental-qualitative-interpretative,2.Experimental-qualitative-statistics,3.Exploratory-qualitatve-statistical,4.Exploratory-quantitative-statistical,5.Experimental-quantitative-interpretive,Quantitative(or Positivist)orientations,Objectivism:Assume that there is an objective Truth about social life that can be measured.(VS Subjectivism and experientialism),Questions:Start with Pre-formulated hypotheses,though these can be formed after observations of real behavior in real situations.,Systematic:Are concerned largely with controlling variables.,Answers:Use statistical ways of measuring and quantifying these variables(Psychometric).,Researchers:Are objective in that the researcher is not personally involved with the participants or the outcomes.,Generalisability:Are designed so that the results are generalizable.(part of answer),Qualitative(or Naturalistic)Traditions,Relativism:Assume that truth is relative,and that knowledge is provisional.,Questions:Start with provisional questions,which are open to change as the study progresses,rather than starting with fixed hypotheses.,These questions are answered through systematic empirical observation of specified events in their natural context,rather than in a controlled or experimental situation.,Are subjective is the sense that the researcher is necessarily involved with the processes and outcomes of the study.,Observations are processed in a variety of ways,not necessarily statistical.,Assume that there is value in holistic study whose insights are not necessarily generalisable from the individual study.,Summary,Quantitative,Positivism,Controlled,“Objective”,Removed from data,etic view,Verification oriented(Deductivism),Test hypothesis,Outcome oriented,Hard&replicable data,Generalisable,将复杂的问题简化,Qualitative,Phenomenologism,Naturalistic,“Subjective”,Close to data,emic view,Discovery oriented,(Inductivism),Generate hypothesis,Process oriented,Rich&deep data,Ungeneralizable,将简单的问题复杂化,Quantitative or Qualitative?,1.,学生的性别与其作文中情态动词的使用是什么关系？,2,、学习者是如何“选择”自己的学习策略的？,3,、学生的英语口语与自信之间是什么关系？,4,、在英语专业学生看来，“英语专业”对他们意味着什么？,Empirical Research&Language Studies,Not all language studies will employ empirical approaches.Some studies are,theoretical,or,speculative,.,Empirical methods are commonly used in certain subfields of linguistics,e.g.,applied linguistics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics,and anthropological linguistics.,Empirical research methods are commonly used in social sciences,e.g.,sociology,psychology,anthropology,education,and communication studies.,Types of Empirical Research,Descriptive research,Historical research,Correlational research,Causal-comparative research,Experimental research,Descriptive Research,Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study.A descriptive study reports the way things are.,E.g.:To count the type and frequency of teachers questions used over a one week period in one classroom,Descriptive research includes,Self-report research(e.g.,survey&developmental studies),Observational research(e.g.,case studyðnography).,Survey,With surveys,a,large sample,of individuals answer,in either written or spoken form,a series of questions on a specific issue,.,An attempt to collect data from members of a population in order to determine the current status of that population with respect to one or more variables,E.g.Political pollsters use surveys to gauge the feeling of voters towards the various political parties;social surveyors might t
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