附录2英语构词法

附录,：构词法,Word formation,在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。,1.,合成,(Compounding),由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号,“,”,连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。如：,blackboard,nightfall,fantasyland,cowboy,everywhere,somewhere,however,whatever,wherever,maybe,newspaper,playground,backbone,broadcast sunburn,overthrow,snowstorm,anyone,myself,eggplant,reading,room,bus,driver,man,made,blue,eyed,passer,by,worn,out,up,to,date,easy,going,part,time,bus stop,post office,ice cream,car park human rights,grass roots,2.,转化,(Conversion),一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。如：,1)taste(,v,.),taste(,n,.),It,tastes,good.,It has a good,taste,.,2)hand(,n,.),hand(,v,.),Lets go,hand,in,hand,.,Please,hand,in your exercise books after class.,3)clean(,adj,.),clean(,v,.),Her room is,clean,and tidy.,She,cleans,her room every day.,4)shade(,n,.),shade(,v,.),She is sitting in the,shade,of a big tree.,She,shaded,her eyes against the sun.,词性转化后，有的单词读音会发生变化。如：,1)use/ju,s/(,n,.),use/ju,z/(,v,.),The use of too much chemical fertilizer leads to serious problems.,May I use your pencil?,2)present/,preznt/(,n,.),present/prI,zent/(,v,.),She gave a very special present for my birthday.,Large classes present great problems to many teachers.,3)transport/,tr,nsp,t/(,n,.),transport/tr,ns,p,t/(,v,.),Horses were the only means of transport in those days.,The goods were transported to Beijing.,4)increase/,I,kri,s/(,n,.),increase/In,kri,s/(,v,.),She is hoping for a wage increase.,The population has increased greatly.,3.,派生,(Derivation),由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。如：,1),前缀,dis,agree,同意,disagree,不同意,appear,出现,disappear,消失,cover,覆盖,discover,发现,un,able,能够,unable,不能,fair,公平的,unfair,不公平的,limited,有限的,unlimited,无限的,tie,系上,untie,解开,in,complete,完全的,incomplete,不完全的,correct,正确的,incorrect,不正确的,im,possible,可能的,impossible,不可能的,patient,耐心的,impatient,不耐烦的；不耐心的,polite,礼貌的,impolite,不礼貌的,practical,实际的,impractical,不切实际的,proper,恰当的,improper,不恰当的,non,stop,停止,non,stop,不停的,smoker,抽烟者,non,smoker,不抽烟者,mis,understand,理解,misunderstand,误解,lead,领导；引导,mislead,误导,re,write,写,rewrite,重写,consider,考虑,reconsider,重新考虑,use,使用,reuse,再利用,cycle,循环,recycle,回收,en,able,有能力的,enable,使能够,rich,富有的,enrich,使丰富,danger,危险,endanger,危及,multi,cultural,文化的,multicultural,多文化的,channel,渠道；频道,multichannel,多渠道,(,的,),；,多频道,(,的,),tele,phone,电话,telephone,电话,vision,视觉,television,电视,kilo,meter,米,kilometer,千米,gram,克,kilogram,千克,2),后缀,able accept,接受,acceptable,可接受的,eat,吃,eatable,可吃的,suit,合适,suitable,合适的,al nation,国家,national,国家的,nature,自然,natural,自然的,arrive,到达,arrival,到达,an America,美国；美洲,American,美国的,(,人,),；,美洲的,(,人,),Australia,澳大利亚,Australian,澳大利亚的；,澳大利亚人,er farm,耕种,farmer,农民,village,村庄,villager,村民,or visit,参观,visitor,参观者,act,表演,actor(,男,),演员,translate,翻译,translator,译员；翻译,ess wait,侍侯,waitress,女服务员,host,招待,hostess,女主人,ese China,中国,Chinese,中国人；汉语,Japan,日本,Japanese,日本人；日语,ist piano,钢琴,pianist,钢琴家,social,社会的,socialist,社会主义者,ian music,音乐,musician,音乐家,Asia,亚洲,Asian,亚洲的,(,人,),ism material,物质,materialism,唯物主义,social,社会的,socialism,社会主义,ment amuse,使发笑；使愉快,amusement,娱乐；消遣,entertain,娱乐；招待,entertainment,款待；娱乐,equip,装备,equipment,设备,argue,争论；辩论,argument,争论；辩论,ness happy,高兴的；幸福的,happiness,高兴；幸福,ill,有病的,illness,疾病,selfish,自私的,selfishness,自私,tion/,ation collect,收集,collection,收集,liberate,解放,liberation,解放,translate,翻译,translation,翻译,pronounce,发音,pronunciation,发音,ship friend,朋友,friendship,友谊,member,成员,membership,成员资格,relation,关系,relationship,关系,fy/,ify beauty,美丽,beautify,美化,simple,简单的,simplify,简化,en wide,宽的,widen,加宽,short,短的,shorten,缩短,length,长度,lengthen,加长,ing feel,感觉,feeling,感情,excite,使兴奋,exciting,令人兴奋的,build,建设,building,建筑,ize/,ise apology,道歉,apologize/,ise,道歉,real,真实的,realize/,ise,实现,modern,现代的,modernize/,ise,使现代化,dom free,自由的,freedom,自由,wise,明智的,wisdom,智慧,king,国王,kingdom,王国,th true,真实的,truth,真相；真理,warm,温暖的,warmth,温暖,wide,宽的,width,宽度,eight,八,eighth,第八,teen four,四,fourteen,十四,five,五,fifteen,十五,ty six,六,sixty,六十,nine,九,ninety,九十,certain,肯定的,certainty,确定；确实的事情,y thirst,干渴,thirsty,干渴的,storm,暴风雨,stormy,暴风雨的；激烈的,ish child,孩子,childish,孩子气的,fool,傻瓜,foolish,愚蠢的,ful hope,希望,hopeful,有希望的,forget,遗忘,forgetful,健忘的,mouth,口，嘴,mouthful,一口；满口,less home,家,homeless,无家可归的,harm,危害,harmless,无害的,ive create,创造,creative,创造性的,effect,效果,effective,有效的,ly bad,坏的,badly,坏；差,happy,高兴；幸福,happily,高兴地；幸福地,friend,朋友,friendly,友好的,day,日,daily,每日,(,的,),；日报,ward(s)back,后面的,backward(s),向后,east,东方,eastward(s),向东,